Social Sciences for Healthcare Professionals

Contributors Preface Acknowledgements   Preface   Acknowledgements   Chapter 1: An introduction to the Social Sciences for Healthcare Professionals   How to use this book   What are the social sciences?        Sociology and Medical Sociology        Psychology and Health Psychology        Economic and Health Economics   So why the social sciences?   A patient’s journey: The Social Sciences in action   Completing Barry’s story   Part 1: Understanding health, healthcare systems, and the healthcare workforce Chapter 2: Social Theory, Social Research Methods and Health in the Context of Society and Care- Dr Chris Allen, Dr Assaf Givati   Introduction   What is a theory?             Understanding theories through levels of abstraction             Grand theories             Mid-range theories             Programme theories   How grand, mid-range and programme theories work together   Macro, meso and micro levels   Macro approaches: how does society work?             Functionalism             Talcott Parson’s: The Sick Role             Conflict theory   Micro approaches: How does society work?             Symbolic interactionism   Social research methods             Positivism (Quantitative Methods)             Interpretivism (Qualitative Methods)   Conclusion   Chapter 3: What is health and disease and why do definitions and classifications of it matter? Dr Chris Allen   Introduction   What is health and wellbeing?          Shifting perspectives on health?          Health as a ‘resource’   The biopsychosocial model   Salutogenesis and positive health          Salutogenesis          Capability approaches   So how should health be seen and understood?   Disease classifications          The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)          Classifying mental health and the DSM          International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)   Medicalization, over medicalization and over diagnosis          Does medicine want to be dominant through medicalization?          Medicalization and overdiagnosis   Invisible illness: Felt but not seen   Health, disability, and Personal Independence Payments   Conclusion   Chapter 4: The Social Science of Mental Health and Illness- Samuel Woodnutt, Simon Hall, Dr Chris Allen   Introduction   Stress, vulnerability, and mental health   Mental health, social deviance and the law   How does society care for those who are mentally unwell?           Mental health, the illness framework and psychiatry           A brief history of mental health care as a social paradigm   Early psychology within modern society and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy           Psychoanalysis           Behaviourism   Critical views on psychiatry and mental health treatment           Power Threat Meaning framework           The birth of the recovery movement   Modern (integrated) approaches in current health contexts (4Ps formulation)   Conclusion   Chapter 5: Understanding the organisation of health systems and health economics- Dr Chris Allen, Sam Woodnutt, Robert Slinn   Introduction   What is health economics?   How are decisions made about who gets what?   What is the political economy and how does it relate to health?   What is the ‘health system’ and what health systems are there?   Out of pocket healthcare expenditure   How do we measure success and why should we?   Conclusion   Chapter 6: The global healthcare workforce and the social science of healthcare professions- Dr Assaf Givati, Dr Chris Allen Introduction   The global healthcare workforce         Globalisation and brain drain among healthcare professionals         Gender inequalities and healthcare professionals         The global healthcare professional workforce crisis   Who are healthcare professionals?         New healthcare professionals   Sociological explanations in the study of healthcare professionals         The functionalist perspective and traits approach         Neo-Weberian perspective: The monopoly and power of the professions         Occupational closure and the medical profession        Deprofessionalization   Conclusion   Part 2: Meeting population health needs and health inequalities Chapter 7: Population Health Needs: Understanding the care transition- Dr Chris Allen, Dr Lindsay Welch, Professor Lynn Calman   Introduction   A changing society, with changing health needs         Demographic transition         What can a bath tell us about population health?         Demographic and Epidemiological transitions: Why increasing chronic illness, multimorbidity and complexity necessitates a change in care paradigm   Not a bath, but an ocean          Increased responsibilization and the burden of treatment and disease          Self-management to support individuals   Conclusion   Chapter 8: Social determinants of health and inequality- Dr Chris Allen, Dr Lindsay Welch   Introduction   What determines health?         Models of health determinants         Constitutional factors- modifiable or unmodifiable?         Individual lifestyle factors         Social and community networks         Living and working conditions              Housing              Work environment and unemployment              Education              Health services          Social position, social class, and social status          Intersectionality   What are health inequalities?   Explanations for health inequalities         Material explanations         Psycho-social explanations         Cultural explanations         Life course explanations   How are health inequalities experienced?   Conclusion   Chapter 9: Stereotyping, bias, and health related stigma- Dr Chris Allen   Introduction   Understanding our bias: Stereotyping and unconscious bias         What is a stereotype?         What is stigma?         Implicit and unconscious bias   Health related stigma         Mental health related stigma         Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome   Addressing stigma and reducing bias in healthcare         Addressing stigma         Addressing unconscious bias   Conclusion   Chapter 10: Meeting the needs of those experiencing social exclusion and significant inequality- Dr Lindsay Welch, Jasmine Snowdon, Dr Chris Allen   Introduction   What is social exclusion and marginalization?   Inclusion health   Forced displacement, migration, and health   Place based marginalization, nested deprivation and homelessness   Racial inequalities in cancer care   Inclusive healthcare design and research   Conclusion   Chapter 11: Disability, Society and Health   Introduction   Embodiment   What is disability?         Attitudes towards disability         How is disability understood?         The medical model         The social model of disability   Disability and discrimination         Children and young people with disabilities         Learning difficulties         Inclusive healthcare provision for those with learning disabilities         Mental distress   Conclusion   Part 3: Understanding health behaviours, health behaviour change, and public health   Chapter 12: Understanding unhealthy behaviour- Dr Chris Allen, Sam Woodnutt, Dr Gilly Mancz   Introduction   What are unhealthy behaviours?         Diet         Activity levels         Alcohol consumption          Smoking   Why do we engage in unhealthy behaviours?          Structure and agency   Social structure          Habitus and people’s cultural and social environments          The commercial determinants of health   Personal and individual level factors          Addiction and habits          Hedonism and affective responses   Theoretical models of health behaviour          Health Belief Model          Social Cognitive Theory          The Social Ecological Model   Conclusion   Chapter 13: Evidence based behaviour change approaches- Dr Chris Allen, Dr Gilly Mancz   Introduction   A science of behaviour change   Healthcare professionals’ roles in promoting behaviour change   Models and theories of behaviour change          Transtheoretical/Stages of Change Model          Social cognitive theory          COM-B and The Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW)   Behaviour change techniques   Behaviour change interventions          Motivational interviewing          Making Every Contact Count (MECC) and Healthy Conversation Skills          Digital Behaviour Change Interventions   The limits of individual approaches to behaviour change   Conclusion   Chapter 14: Public health interventions through the lens of social science- Dr Chris Allen   Introduction   Upstream prevention   What is public health?         What is a public health intervention?         The political philosophy, and (bio)ethics of public health               The harm principle               Nanny or nurture?               The Stewardship model               The Nuffield ladder of interventions   Healthy cities   Active living         Greenspace and active transport          Parkrun, free exercise classes and gym memberships   Diet          Calorie information          Sugar taxes and levies   Smoking          Swap to stop          Smoking bans and smoke free generations   Drinking          Minimum unit pricing (MUP) of alcohol          Getting rid of the pint!   Nudging and liberal paternalism   A whole systems approach to public health   Population and planetary health   Conclusion   Part 4: Social and community networks, loneliness, and social prescribing Chapter 15: Understanding support networks and influences across the life course- Dr Chris Allen, Jasmine Snowdon, Janine Hall, Dr Ellen Kitson-Reynolds   Introduction   The life course perspective           ‘Linked lives’: What are personal networks and why are they relevant to health?   Pre-conception and maternity   The first 1,000 days and childhood   Adolescence and emerging adulthood   Working age adult life   Retirement and later life   Conclusion   Chapter 16: Social Isolation and loneliness in contemporary society- Dr Chris Allen   Introduction   Social isolation and loneliness   Who is affected, where and why?          Global loneliness trends          Personal characteristics of loneliness          Loneliness and age          Loneliness and inequality          Loneliness and the lived environment   Digital communication technology and loneliness   How is loneliness measured?   What are the health impacts of loneliness?         Physical health         Unhealthy behaviours         Mental health         Reduced social contact    What interventions have been considered?   Conclusion   Chapter 17: Social prescribing and health and wellbeing- Dr Louise Baxter, Dr Chris Allen   Introduction   Creative health and health inequalities         Heritage and museum-based activities         Physical Activity- Football Fans in Training (FFIT)         Nature- Blue care interventions   What is social prescribing?        What is a social prescribing link worker?        Does social prescribing work?        The role of the ‘social prescribing link worker’        The role of the voluntary and community sector        How social prescribing is experienced by those accessing support   Conclusion   Part 5: Leading safe and effective care in increasingly changing healthcare systems Chapter 18: Leading safe and effective healthcare teams: Leadership, management, and complexity- Matt Flynn, Dr Chris Allen   Introduction   Complexity and contemporary healthcare        Complex systems: when things go wrong        Human factors and ergonomics        Reasons Swiss Cheese Model (Theory of Active and Latent Failures)        The Systems Engineering Initiative of Patient Safety (SEIPS) Models   What is leadership and how is it different to management?   What makes a leader?   Self-leadership and emotional intelligence   The evolution of leadership theories and approaches        Traits approaches to leadership        Leadership behaviours and styles        Situational leadership        Transformational leadership        Leader-member exchange theory        Authentic or ‘Breakthrough’ leadership        Servant leadership        Distributive and shared leadership        Team leadership   Taking one last SEIP   Conclusion   Chapter 19: Healthcare teams, team effectiveness, and team training- Dr Chris Allen, Matt Flynn   Introduction   What is a team, and why do we work in them?   Healthcare teams   Team effectiveness: Inputs, Processes, Outcomes   Team inputs       Team member characteristics       Diversity       Social categorization perspectives and ‘faultlines’   Teamwork processes       Communication       Psychological safety and conflict       Incivility       Group think       Reflexivity   Understanding team performance (Outputs)   Teamwork training and teamwork interventions       Huddle up’- Team huddles   Teamwork and innovation   Conclusion   Chapter 20: Digital and Technological Innovation in Complex Healthcare Systems- Dr Chris Allen, Dr Eloise Monger, Professor Cheryl Metcalf   Introduction   The Social Sciences, Technology, Innovation, and Digital Health        The case for innovation in healthcare   What is a health technology?   What is a digital health technology?        Understanding what makes us unwell?        A helping hand: Decision support, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning        Health and self-management tools        Remote access, video consultations, and virtual wards   Preparing healthcare professionals for the digital future   What does success look like? Needs led and responsible innovation   Intended user and stakeholder engagement   Adoption: Moving beyond creation   Healthcare systems readiness for innovations         Contingency planning          Interoperability          Security   Technologies, inequality, and their impact on health   Conclusion