Research Coproduction in Healthcare

Foreword xv About the Chapter Authors xvii Editors xxiii Acknowledgements xxv About the Companion Website xxvii     Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Authors: Anita Kothari, Jo Rycroft-Malone, Chris McCutcheon, and Ian D. Graham Background: What Is This Book About? 1 Focus of the Chapter: What Do We Mean by Research Coproduction? 4 Known from the Literature: Intellectual Origins and Historical Traditions 6 Scope of the Book 9 References 11 Chapter 2 Foundations of Research Coproduction 14 Chapter 2.1. Conceptualizing and Theorizing for Research Coproduction 14 Authors: Anne MacFarlane and Jonathan Salsberg Introduction 15 Meaningful Participation 17 Theory and Theorizing 17 Theorizing about Research Coproduction 18 Enhancing Conceptual Clarity and Model Building 18 Utilizing Existing Concepts for New and Deeper Understanding 19 Participatory Implementation Research 21 Case study: Blending Implementation Theory with Research Coproduction Practice 22 Future Research 27 Conclusion 28 Acknowledgements 28 References 29 Chapter 2.2. Equity, Power, and Transformative Research Coproduction 34 Authors: Katrina Plamondon, Sume Ndumbe-Eyoh, and Sana Shahram Introduction 35 Power Is the Central Research Coproduction Problem 36 What Is Known from the Literature? 40 Experiential Knowledge 43 Coproduction to Transform Organizations (Sume) 43 Coproduction to Transform Networks/Communities (Katrina) 44 Coproduction for Systems Transformation: The xac/qanaǂ ʔitkiniǂ Project (Sana) 44 Practice Implications 45 Future Research 48 Conclusion 49 References 50 Chapter 2.3. Effects, Facilitators, and Barriers of Research Coproduction Reported in Peer-Reviewed Literature 54 Authors: Katheryn M. Sibley, Femke Hoekstra, Anita Kothari, and Kelly Mrklas Introduction 55 What Are Effects? What Are Facilitators and Barriers? 55 Understanding Research Coproduction – an Evolving Area of Study 55 Identifying Effects, Facilitators and Barriers – Our Approach 56 Effects of Research Coproduction 57 Effects on the Research Process 57 Effects on Relationships 63 Effects on Individuals 63 Effects on Research Results or Outputs 64 Effects on Practices or Programs 64 Effects on Communities 64 Effects on Policies and Systems 65 Facilitators and Barriers to Research Coproduction 65 Individual-Level Factors 66 Relationship Factors 67 Process Factors 67 System-Level Factors 68 Connecting Outcomes, Impacts, Facilitators, and Barriers of Research Coproduction 68 Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 69 Limitations and Evidence Gaps 70 Future Research 70 Conclusion 71 References 71 Chapter 3 Working with Knowledge Users 74 Chapter 3.1 Working with Knowledge Users 74 Authors: Jo Cooke, Susan Mawson, and Susan Hampshaw Introduction: Starting the Coproduction Journey 75 What Is the Focus of This Chapter? 75 Some Points from the Literature 75 Experience from the Field 77 Research Program Level: Setting Up a Programme Architecture that Can Enable Coproduction 77 Structure, Flexible Resources, and Engagement Processes to Provide Context for Coproduction 79 Setting Ground Rules: A Good Basis for Nurturing Productive Relationships 79 Planning Priority-setting, Action, and Impact from the Start and Throughout 80 Thinking of the Impact from the Beginning 80 Vignette One: The Co-design of an Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Doncaster. Coproduction in Local Government 81 Vignette Two: Research Coproduction with Industry: Digital Technology to Transform End of Life Care 84 Implications for Practice When Beginning the Coproduction Journey 87 Future Research 88 Conclusion 88 References 88 Chapter 3.2 Research Coproduction with Patients and Caregivers 91 Authors: Claire Ludwig and Davina Banner Introduction and Background 92 Who Is a “Patient?” 93 What Do We Know about Potential Benefits and Impacts of Research Coproduction with Patients? 95 Barriers and Facilitators to Research Coproduction with Patients and Caregivers 96 Experiential Knowledge: Patient and Caregiver Partner Implications for Practice 98 Experiential Knowledge: Researcher Implications for Practice 100 Future Research 105 Conclusion 108 References 108 Chapter 3.3 Conducting a Research Coproduction Project: A Principles-Based Approach 112 Authors: Joe Langley, Sarah E. Knowles, and Vicky Ward Introduction 113 Aim 1. Illustrating Why There Is No Research Coproduction ‘Method’ 114 Aim 2. Five Principles of Coproduction and Resources to Enact Them 116 Sharing Power 117 Including All Perspectives 118 Respecting and Valuing the Research Coproduction Partners 119 Reciprocity 120 Building Relationships 121 Aim 3. Research Coproduction in the Real World: Challenges and Ways Forward 122 Who to Work with 122 When to Collaborate 123 Institutional Power 124 Expectations of Health Services Research 125 Conclusion 126 References 127 Chapter 3.4 The View from Within: Organizational Strategies for Effective Research Partnerships 129 Authors: Sarah Bowen, Ian D. Graham, and Ingrid Botting Background/Introduction 130 How Should Organizations Respond to Expectations of Research Partnership? 132 Before Beginning to Plan for “Research Partnerships:” Clarifying the Concepts of “Partnership” and “Research” 132 First Things First: Preparing to Become a Research Partner 134 Developing Shared Understanding 134 Determining Current Organizational Position 136 Assessing Organizational Readiness 139 Building a Strong Foundation 140 From Principles to Action – Next Steps in Developing Research Partnerships 142 Creating a Health System/Academic Interface 143 Embedding Research Capacity within the Organization 146 Planning for Implementation and Evaluation 146 Future Research 147 Conclusion 147 References 147 Chapter 3.5 Managing Academic-Health Service Partnerships 151 Authors: Alison M. Hutchinson, Cheyne Chalmers, Katrina Nankervis, and Nicole (Nikki) Phillips Introduction 152 Background 153 How to Manage Partnerships During the Research Process 154 Experiential Knowledge of Managing a Partnership 156 How to Sustain Partnerships 159 Experiential Knowledge of Sustaining a Partnership 159 How to Assess the Sustainability of Partnerships 161 Assessing the Sustainability of Our Partnership 162 Barriers/Facilitators and Strategies to Overcome Them 163 Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 165 Future Research 165 Conclusion 166 References 166 Chapter 4 Grant-Writing, Dissemination, and Evaluation 169 Chapter 4.1 Writing a Research Coproduction Grant Proposal 169 Authors: Ian D. Graham, Chris McCutcheon, Jo Rycroft-Malone, and Anita Kothari Background 170 So What Does It Take to Write a Successful Coproduction Research Grant Proposal? 171 General Advice on Writing a Grant Proposal 171 Coproduction Grant Proposal Writing Advice 173 Tips on Writing Coproduction Research Grant Proposals 179 Preconditions that Lead to a Successful Proposal Development – the Relationship and Preparatory Work 180 Proposal Elements 181 Tips for Researchers on Working with Knowledge Users During and After Proposal Writing 183 Tips for Knowledge Users Working with Researchers During and After Proposal Writing 185 Future Research 186 Conclusion 186 References 187 Appendix 4.1.A. CIHR advice on knowledgeuser letters of support – a quick reference 189 Appendix 4.1.B. Applicant and reviewer coproduction research proposal checklist 190 Chapter 4.2 Coproduced Dissemination 192 Authors: Chris McCutcheon, Anita Kothari, Ian D. Graham, and Jo Rycroft-Malone Background 193 What Is Coproduced Dissemination? 193 Coproduced Dissemination: What Is Known from the Literature? 194 Compatibility of Coproduction and Dissemination 195 Knowledge Exchange 196 Guidance on Dissemination Planning 196 Judicious Knowledge Translation 197 Dissemination Planning at the Grant Proposal Stage 198 From Research to Dissemination 199 The Steps of Coproduced Dissemination Planning 200 Set Dissemination Goals 201 Assess Resources 201 Identify and Learn about Your Audience(s) 202 Develop Key Messages 203 Select Dissemination Strategies 203 Determine What Expertise Is Needed 204 Evaluate 204 Future Research 205 Conclusion 205 References 205 Chapter 4.3 Evaluating Coproduction Research: Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) 210 Authors: Robert K.D. McLean, Ian D. Graham, and Fred Carden Introduction 211 Roadmap 212 Overview of the Research Evaluation Landscape 212 Research Evaluation at Large 213 Challenges for Research Coproduction Evaluation 214 Deliberative Paradigm – Coproduction Limitations? 214 Analytic Paradigm – Coproduction Limitations? 214 RIA Paradigm – Coproduction Limitations? 214 The Research Quality Plus (RQ+) Approach and the Novel Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) Framework 217 Three Tenets of the Research Quality Plus (RQ+) Approach 218 Tenet 1 – Context Matters 218 Why Does This Matter for Coproduction? 218 Tenet 2 – Research Quality is Multi-dimensional 218 Why Does This Matter for Coproduction? 219 Tenet 3 – Judgement of Research Quality Must Be Grounded in Empirical Evidence and Its Systematic and Transparent Appraisal 219 The Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) Framework 219 Contextual Factors 221 Knowledge Use Environment 221 Research Environment 221 Capacities for Coproduction 222 Quality Dimensions and Sub-Dimensions 222 Scientific Rigor 223 Research Legitimacy 224 Positioning for Use 225 Empirical Evidence and Systematic Appraisal 226 How, When, and By Whom Might RQ+ 4 Co-Pro Be Applied? 226 Putting the Framework Into Action 226 Field test 226 Join Us 229 References 229 Chapter 5 Capacity-Building and Infrastructure 233 Chapter 5.1 Researcher Coproduction Competencies and Incentives 233 Authors: Christopher R. Burton and Tone Elin Mekki Introduction 234 Guiding Frameworks 234 Research Competence 235 Transferable Skills 235 Working with Stakeholders 236 Creating Impact 237 European Implementation Science Education Network 238 Knowledge-Related Competencies 239 Skill-Related Competencies 240 Attitude-Related Competencies 242 Developing Research Coproduction Competencies 244 Conclusion 245 Future Research 246 References 246 Chapter 5.2 Trainees and Research Coproduction 249 Authors: Christine Cassidy, Emily Ramage, Sandy Steinwender, and Shauna Best Introduction 250 Trainees and Research Coproduction: What Is Known from the Literature? 251 Types of Knowledge Users and Research Context 251 Research Coproduction Approach 251 Barriers and Challenges 252 Facilitators 252 Impact/Outcome of Partnerships 252 Implications and Recommendations from the Literature 253 Trainee Research Coproduction Experience 253 Rewards and Benefits 254 Experiential Learning Opportunity 254 Relevant and Useful Research Findings 254 Advance Research Partnerships 255 Expectations vs. Reality 255 Partnership Structure and Function 255 Engagement 256 Unpredictability 257 Barriers and Facilitators 257 Team Structure and Decision-Making 257 Time and Resources 258 Meeting Knowledge User Needs 259 Considerations for the Development of Research Coproduction Skills 259 Learning 260 Doing 261 Becoming 261 Training Programs 262 Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 262 Future Research 266 Training Preparation for Research Coproduction 266 Build the Empirical Knowledge Base on Research Coproduction 266 Conclusion 267 References 267 Chapter 5.3 The Role of Funders 271 Authors: Bev Holmes and Chonnettia Jones Introduction 271 Setting the Scene: Funders and Their Role in the Use of Evidence 272 Funders and Coproduction in the Literature 274 Coproduction in Action – Examples of Funders’ Activities 275 Research in Action | Stakeholder Engagement 276 International Development Research Centre, Canada 276 Evidence Leaders in Africa | Policymaking 277 Coordinating Center | Research Partnerships 278 Evidence for Action | Evidence of What Works 279 INVOLVE | Public and Patient Involvement 280 Discussion 280 Funders in Coproduction: General Considerations 281 Internally Focused Funder Processes to Support Coproduction 281 Externally Facing Systems-Level Activities to Enable Coproduction 283 Future Research 284 Conclusion 285 References 285 Chapter 6 Building Blocks for Research Coproduction: Reflections and Implications 290 Authors: Jo Rycroft-Malone, Ian D. Graham, Anita Kothari, and Chris McCutcheon Introduction 290 Research Coproduction: A Principles-Based Approach 291 Stakeholders: An Inclusive and Flexible Approach 292 Meaningful Partnership: Essential Ingredients 293 System Architecture: The Context of Research Coproduction 295 Supporting People’s Capability for Research Coproduction 297 Building Systems Capabilities for Research Coproduction 299 Judicious Coproduction 299 Closing Thoughts 300 References 301 Index 303