The Principles of Psychology, Vol. 2

CHAPTER XVII. SENSATION Its distinction from perception Its cognitive function-acquaintance with qualities No pure sensations after the first days of life The 'relativity of knowledge' The law of contrast The psychological and the physiological theories of it Hering's experiments The 'eccentric projection' of sensations CHAPTER XVIII. IMAGINATION Our images are usually vague Vague images not necessarily general notions Individuals differ in imagination; Galton's researches The 'visile' type The 'audile' type The 'motile' type Tactile images The neural process of imagination Its relations to that of sensation CHAPTER XIX. THE PERCEPTION OF 'THINGS' Perception and sensation Perception is of definite and probable things ""Illusions;-of the first type, -of the second type"" ""The neural process in perception, 'Apperception'"" Is perception an uncouscious inference? Hallucinations The neural process in hallucination Binet's theory Perception-time' CHAPTER XX. THE PERCEPTION OF SPACE The feeling of crude extensity The perception of spatial order Space-'relations' The meaning of localization Local signs' The construction of 'real' space The subdivision of the original sense-spaces The sensation of motion over surfaces The measurement of the sense-spaces by each other Their summation Feelings of movement in joints Feelings of muscular contraction Summary so far How the blind perceive space Visual space Helmholtz and Reid on the test of a sensation The theory of identical points The theory of projection ""Ambiguity of retinal impressions,-of eye-movements"" The choice of the visual reality Sensations which we ignore Sensations which seem suppressed Discussion of Wundt's and Helmholtz's reasons for denying that retinal sensations are of extension Summary Historical remarks CHAPTER XXI. THE PERCEPTION OF REALITY Belief and its opposites The various orders of reality Practical' realities The sense of our own bodily existence is the nucleus of all reality The paramount reality of sensations The influence of emotion and active impulse on belief Belief in theories Doubt Relations of belief and will CHAPTER XXII. REASONING Recepts' ""In reasoning, we pick out essential qualities"" What is meant by a mode of conceiving What is involved in the existence of general propositions The two factors of reasoning Sagacity The part played by association by similarity The intellectual contrast between brute and man: association by similarity the fundamental human distinction Different orders of human genius CHAPTER XXIII. THE PRODUCTION OF MOVEMENT The diffusive wave Every sensation produces reflex effects on the whole organism CHAPTER XXIV. INSTINCT Its definition Instincts not always blind or invariable Two principles of non-uniformity in instincts: 1) Their inhibition by habits 2) Their transitoriness Man has more instincts than any other mammal Reflex impulses Imitation Emulation Pugnacity Sympathy The hunting instinct Fear Acquisitiveness Constructiveness Play Curiosity Sociability and shyness Secretiveness Cleanliness Shame Love Maternal love CHAPTER XXV. THE EMOTIONS Instinctive reaction and emotional expression shade imperceptibly into each other The expression of grief; of fear; of hatred ""Emotion is a consequence, not the cause, of the bodily expression"" Difficulty of testing this view Objections to it discussed The subtler emotions No special brain-centres for emotion Emotional differences between individuals The genesis of the various emotions CHAPTER XXVI. WILL Voluntary movements: they presuppose a memory of involuntary movements Kinaesthetic impressions No need to assume feelings of innervation The 'mental cue' for a movement may be an image of its visual or auditory effects as well as an image of the way it feels Ideo motor action Action after deliberation Five types of decision The feeling of effort Unhealthiness of will: 1) The explosive type 2) The obstructed type Pleasure and pain are not othe only springs of action All consciousness is impulsive What we will depends on what idea dominates in our mind The idea's outward effects follow from the cerebral machinery Effort of attention to a naturally repugnant idea is the essential feature of willing The free-will controversy ""Psychology, as a science, can safely postulate determinism, even if free-will be true"" The education of the Will Hypothetical brain-schemes CHAPTER XXVII. HYPNOTISM Modes of operating and susceptibility Theories about the hypnotic state The symptoms of the trance CHAPTER XXVIII. NECESSARY TRUTHS AND THE EFFECTS OF EXPERIENCE Programme of the chapter Elementary feelings are innate The question refers to their combinations What is meant by 'experience' Spencer on ancestral experience Two ways in which new cerebral structure arises: the 'back-door' and the 'front-door' way The genesis of the natural sciences Scientific conceptions arise as accidental variations The genesis of the pure sciences Series of evenly increasing terms The principle of mediate comparison That of skipped intermediaries Classification Predication Formal logic Mathematical propositions Arithmetic Geometry Our doctrine is the same as Locke's Relations of ideas v. couplings of things The natural sciences are inward ideal schemes with which the order of nature proves congruent Metaphysical principles are properly only postulates Aesthetic and moral principles are quite incongruent with the order of nature Summary of what precedes The origin of instincts Insufficiency of proof for the transmission to the next generation of acquired habits Weismann's views Conclusion