Principles and Practices of Canine and Feline Clinical Parasitic Diseases

List of Contributors xxi Preface xxv Acknowledgment xxvii 1 General Introduction to Canine and Feline Parasitic Diseases 1 Sanweer Khatoon 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Type of Intestinal Parasites 5 1.3 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention 6 1.4 Control 6 1.5 Internal Parasites 6 1.6 General Measures for the Prevention of Worm Infections 8 1.7 Anti- helminthics and Deworming Guidelines 9 2 Symbiosis and Parasitism in Dogs and Cats 11 Adedayo M. Awoniyi 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Examples of Dog and Cat Parasites 14 2.3 Recommendations and Conclusion 18 3 Risk Factors Associated with Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats 19 Baleshwari Dixit, Rinesh Kumar, Alok K. Dixit, and Alok K. Singh 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Intrinsic Factors 21 3.3 External Factors 22 3.4 Control 28 4 Host–Parasite–Microbiome Interactions in Dogs and Cats 31 Furqan Munir, Amna Shakoor, Muhammad Tahir Aleem, and Zia ud Din Sindhu 4.1 Introduction 31 4.2 Microbiome of Parasites 32 4.3 The Microbiome of Dogs and Cats 32 4.4 Microbiomes and Helminths in the Guts of Dogs and Cats 33 4.5 Microbiota- mediated Protection 33 4.6 Why Do We Need to Study the Microbiota? 36 4.7 Future Perspectives 37 4.8 Conclusion 37 5 Linguatula serrata Worm Infections in Dogs and Cats 41 V. G. Charitha, C. Sreedevi, V. C. Rayulu, and P. M. Kondaiah 5.1 Introduction 41 5.2 Taxonomy 41 5.3 Historical Perspective 42 5.4 Incidence and Geographical Distribution 43 5.5 Morphology 43 5.6 Life Cycle 46 5.7 Pathogensis and Clinical Signs 46 5.8 Diagnosis 48 5.9 Treatment and Control 48 6 Annelida Infestations in Dogs and Cats 53 Hanumappa Dhanalakshmi 6.1 Leech Structure 53 6.2 Leech Organ Systems 53 6.3 Reproduction 53 6.4 Life Cycle 54 6.6 Feeding 55 6.7 Morphological Characteristics of Leech Families 55 6.8 Transmission 58 6.9 Pathogenesis 58 6.10 Treatment 58 6.11 Control 59 7 Insecta Infestations in Dogs and Cats 61 Anil Kumar, Tanmoy Rana, Sonam Bhatt, and Ankesh Kumar 7.1 Introduction 61 7.2 Diptera (Flies) 61 7.3 Phthiraptera (Lice) 64 7.4 Siphonaptera (Fleas) 65 7.5 Hemiptera (Bed Bugs) 67 7.6 Ticks and Mites 67 8 Acanthocephala Worm Infections in Dogs and Cats 73 Ramesh Putchakayala and Gurram S. Haritha 8.1 Origin and Classification 73 8.2 General Description 74 8.3 Developmental Stages 75 8.4 Acanthocephalans in Small Animals 75 9 Tick- borne Diseases in Dogs and Cats 79 Ugochukwu F. Ogbodo 9.1 Babesiosis 79 9.2 Cytauxzoonosis 81 9.3 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis 82 9.4 Hemotropic Mycoplasmosis 84 9.5 Hepatozoonosis 85 9.6 Lyme Borreliosis 87 9.7 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 88 10 Roundworm Infections in Dogs and Cats 93 J. Adeppa and V. Gnani Charitha 10.1 Introduction 93 10.2 Morphology 93 10.3 Life Cycle 95 10.4 Clinical Findings and Lesions in Small Animals 97 10.5 Clinical Findings and Pathogenesis in Humans 97 10.6 Diagnosis 99 10.7 Treatment 99 10.8 Prevention 99 11 Tapeworm Infections in Dogs and Cats 101 Manoj K. Kalita, Gautam Bordoloi, and Prerona Patowary 11.1 Introduction 101 11.2 Dipylidium Tapeworms 101 11.3 Taenia Tapeworms of Dogs and Cats 102 11.4 Echinococcus 105 11.5 Mesocestoides 106 11.6 Diphyllobothrium 107 12 Fluke Infections in Dogs and Cats 111 Sanweer Khatoon, Afroz Jahan, Naresh Kumar, and Tikam Goyal 12.1 Introduction 111 12.2 Trematodes (Platyhelminthes, Flatworms, Flukes) 111 12.3 Host Associations and Transmission Between Hosts 115 12.4 Pathogenesis 115 12.5 Public Health Considerations 115 12.6 Conclusion 116 12.7 Recommended Treatments and Strategies 116 13 Protozoan Infections in Dogs and Cats 119 Manoj K. Kalita and Prerona Patowary 13.1 Babesiosis (Piroplasmosis) 119 13.2 Hepatozoonosis 120 13.3 Cytauxzoonosis 121 13.4 Trypanosomiasis 122 13.5 Toxoplasmosis 123 13.6 Leishmanisis 125 13.7 Neosporosis 125 13.8 Sarcocystosis 126 13.9 Trichomoniasis 127 13.10 Intestinal Protozoa of Dogs and Cats 127 13.11 Coccidiosis (Isosporiasis) 129 13.12 Cryptosporidiosis 129 14 Immunology and Pathogenic Purview 133 Krishnan S. Prasanna 14.1 Host–Parasite Associations 133 14.2 Immune Machineries in Dogs and Cats 134 14.3 Evasion of Immunity by Parasites 141 14.4 Immunopathology 142 14.5 Autoimmunity 143 14.6 Conclusion 144 15 Parasitic Zoonoses and One Health 147 Hanumappa Dhanalakshmi 15.1 Zoonoses Caused by Protozoa 147 15.2 Zoonoses Caused by Trematodes 152 15.3 Zoonoses Caused by Cestodes 153 15.4 Zoonoses Caused by Nematodes 155 15.5 Zoonoses Caused by Arthropods 157 15.6 Flea Allergy Dermatitis 157 15.7 Conclusions 158 16 Parasitic Fauna Associated with Reproductive Disorders 161 Baleshwari Dixit, Somesh Meshram, Amit K. Jha, and Ravi Khare 16.1 Introduction 161 16.2 Toxoplasmosis 162 16.3 Neosporosis 166 16.4 Leishmaniosis 168 16.5 Dirofilariosis 169 16.6 Toxocariasis 170 17 Diagnostic Perspectives of Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats 173 Manisha Mehra, Gunjan Choudhary, and Jaykumar Desai 17.1 Parasite Detection in Fecal Materials 173 17.2 Parasite Detection in Urinary Systems 182 17.3 Blood Parasites of Dogs and Cats 182 18 Anti- helminthic Resistance: A Barrier to Controlling Parasites in Dogs and Cats 189 Fathy A. Osman 18.1 Definitions 190 18.2 Principles of Anti- helminthic Resistance (AR) Development 190 18.3 Factors Contributing to the Development of Anti- helminthic Resistance 190 18.4 Evidence of Anti- helminthic Resistance 194 18.5 Mechanisms of Resistance 194 18.6 Monitoring Anti- helminthic Resistance (AR) 195 18.7 Prevention of Anti- helminthic Resistance (AR) Development in Dogs and Cats 199 18.8 Conclusion and Recommendations 200 19 Molecular Biology of Parasites in Dogs and Cats 205 Sanweer Khatoon, Afroz Jahan, Tikam Goyal, and Srinivas 19.1 Introduction 205 20 Parasitic Vaccines in Dogs and Cats 213 Furqan Munir, Amna Shakoor, Muhammad Tahir Aleem, and Zia ud Din Sindhu 20.1 Introduction 213 20.2 Importance of Vaccination in Companion Animals 214 20.3 The Manipulation of Immune Responses for the Development of Vaccines 214 20.4 Advancement in the Development of Anti- parasitic Vaccines 216 20.5 Novel Drug Delivery Systems for the Delivery of Vaccines 217 20.6 Future Perspectives 218 20.7 Conclusion 219 21 Biological Control of Parasites 223 Amita Dubey, Rupesh Verma, Amita Tiwari, and Apeksha Khare 21.1 Introduction 223 21.2 Traditional Control 224 21.3 History of Biological Control 224 21.4 Advantages of Biological Control 224 21.5 Disadvantages of Biological Control 224 21.6 Biological Control Agents 224 21.7 Use of Biological Agents to Control Ticks and Mites 227 21.8 Applying Biological Control 227 21.9 Summary 227 22 Therapeutic Measures and Control Strategies 229 Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Fakiha Kalim, Azka Kalim, and Furqan Munir Glossary 229 22.1 Introduction 229 22.2 Risk Analysis for Designing Appropriate Control Strategies 230 22.3 Deworming 230 22.4 Use of Anti- parasitic Drugs 231 22.5 Use of Nanotechnology 231 22.6 Ecological Control 236 22.7 Management Practices 236 22.8 Role of Veterinarian 238 22.9 Future Perspectives 238 22.10 Conclusion 239 23 Future Advanced Research Directions against Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats 243 Abrar Ul Haq, Idrees M. Allaie, Shahana R. Tramboo, and Tanmoy Rana 23.1 Introduction 243 23.2 Major Endoparasitic and Ectoparasitic Diseases of Dogs and Cats 243 23.3 Advances in the Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats 244 23.4 Advanced Therapies for Parasitoses in Dogs and Cats 245 23.5 Veterinary Parasitic Vaccines 246 23.6 Challenges and Future Directions Against Parasitic Diseases of Dogs and Cats 247 23.7 Conclusion 248 References 249 Index 253