Radiography of the Dog and Cat

About the Companion Website vii Introduction VIII Chapter 1: X- Rays 1 Introduction 2 X-ray machine 4 Image receptors 10 Geometry of the x-ray beam 16 X-ray interactions with matter 20 Radiographic density 24 Opacity 27 Radiographic contrast 31 Radiographic detail 34 Technique chart 39 Radiograph storage and distribution 42 Radiation safety 44 Chapter 2: Radiographs 51 Introduction – plan for success 52 Positioning guide 55 Artifacts 83 Contrast radiography 102 Procedures in contrast radiography 105 Alimentary tract contrast studies 106 Urogenital contrast studies 113 Cardiovascular contrast studies 118 Neurologic contrast studies 121 Head contrast studies 126 Miscellaneous contrast studies 128 Reading radiographs 131 Chapter 3: Thorax 137 Introduction 138 Radiographic views of the thorax 140 Patient factors 141 Thoracic wall 143 Diaphragm 149 Pleura and Pleural Space 155 Mediastinum 164 Esophagus 172 Heart 179 Major vessels 194 Congenital heart disease 196 Acquired heart disease 201 Trachea 207 Lungs 213 Specific lung diseases 231 Differential diagnoses for thorax 247 Chapter 4: Abdomen 269 Introduction to abdominal radiography 270 Patient factors 274 Abdominal cavity 274 Liver 283 Spleen 290 Pancreas 293 Gastrointestinal tract 295 Stomach 296 Small intestine 309 Large intestine 318 Urogenital tract 328 Kidneys and ureters 329 Urinary bladder 341 Urethra 352 Male genital system 356 Female genital system 361 Hermaphroditism 364 Adrenal glands 365 Differential diagnoses for abdomen 367 Chapter 5: Musculoskeleton 387 Introduction to musculoskeletal radiography 389 Soft tissues 390 Orthopedic anatomic considerations 391 Bone response to disease or injury 393 Bone production 402 Bone loss 403 Fractures 405 Osteomyelitis 412 Osseous neoplasia 414 Benign conditions of bone 416 Congenital and developmental abnormalities 417 Joints 427 Joint diseases 428 Appendicular skeleton 433 Shoulder 433 Elbow 437 Carpus 447 Digits 449 Pelvis 452 Stifle 464 Tarsus 473 Axial skeleton 477 Vertebral column 477 Spinal abnormalities 481 Head and neck 495 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 508 Teeth 509 Salivary glands and nasolacrimal duct 511 Pharynx and larynx 512 Differential diagnoses for musculoskeleton 514 Glossary of Radiologic Terms 527 Index 553