Digital Communication for Practicing Engineers

Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why this Book? 1 1.2 How to Use this Book 2 1.3 Scope 2 1.4 Roadmap 4 1.5 Other Notes 5 Acknowledgments 7 References 8 Chapter 2 Shannon Theorem and Information Theory 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Reliable Transmission with Noisy Channel 10 2.3 Entropy and Uncertainty 10 2.4 Entropy and Bit Length 14 2.5 Information Measured as Reduction of Uncertainty 18 2.6 Shannon Theorem 21 2.7 Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channel 25 2.8 Frequency-Selective Channel and Water Filling 32 2.9 Summary 34 2.10 Appendix: Derivation of Entropy as a Measure of Uncertainty 34 2.11 Appendix: Compression Coding 38 References 43 Homework 43 Chapter 3 Single Carrier Modulation and Nyquist Sampling Theory 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Symbol Mapping 47 3.3 Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theory 58 3.4 Pulse Shaping and Nyquist Criterion 69 3.5 Implementation of Pulse Shaping Filter: Up-Sampling 74 3.6 Baseband and Passband 76 3.7 Summary 85 3.8 Appendix: Fourier Transform 87 3.9 Appendix: Function Localization in Frequency and Time Domains 91 3.10 Appendix: Proof of the Nyquist Criterion 96 References 98 Homework 99 Chapter 4 Statistical Detection and Error Probability 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Wide-Sense Stationary (WSS) Process 102 4.3 AWGN Channel 108 4.4 Detection Problem and Maximum Likelihood Detection 115 4.5 Map and ML Detection with AWGN Channel 119 4.6 Matched Filter (MF) 122 4.7 Error Probability of Uncoded Modulations Under AWGN Model 137 4.8 Summary 146 4.9 Appendix: PSD of Modulated Signals 148 4.10 Appendix: Baseband Noise 151 4.11 Appendix: Representing Signals and Noises with Vectors 154 References 159 Homework 160 Chapter 5 Channel Coding 163 5.1 Introduction 163 5.2 Channel Coding or Forward Error Correction (FEC) 164 5.3 Block Code 169 5.4 Convolutional Code 182 5.5 Coding for Bandwidth-Limited Channels and Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM) 203 5.6 Combined Codes 211 5.7 Turbo Code 213 5.8 Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Code 225 5.9 Summary 231 5.10 Appendix: Upper Bound of Shaping Gain 233 5.11 Appendix: Probability Update at Parity Node 234 References 235 Homework 238 Chapter 6 Channel Characteristics 241 6.1 Introduction 241 6.2 Channel Gain and Channel Classification 243 6.3 Constant Flat Channels 246 6.4 Flat Fading Channel 252 6.5 Time Dispersion and Frequency-Selective Fading 262 6.6 Channel Formulation in Frequency and Time Domains 265 6.7 Channel Modeling Methods 270 6.8 Link Budget Computation 273 6.9 Summary 282 6.10 Appendix: Channel Gain in Passband and Baseband 284 References 286 Homework 288 Chapter 7 Synchronization 291 7.1 Introduction 291 7.2 Synchronization Overview 293 7.3 Timing Control and Correction 299 7.4 Timing Error Estimate 311 7.5 Initial Acquisition 325 7.6 Summary 328 References 329 Homework 330 Chapter 8 Adaptive Filter 333 8.1 Introduction 333 8.2 Adaptive Filter Overview 335 8.3 Optimal Solution 337 8.4 Iterative Solution: Speediest Descent (SD) 339 8.5 Sample-by-Sample Adaptation: Least Mean Squares (LMS) Algorithm 343 8.6 Block-Based Adaptation: Least Squares (LS) Algorithm 347 8.7 Block-Based Iteration: Recursive Least Squares (RLS) Algorithm 350 8.8 Case Study: Full-Duplex Radio and Self-Interference Cancellation 355 8.9 Summary 359 References 360 Homework 360 Chapter 9 Channel Equalization 363 9.1 Introduction 363 9.2 Channel Dispersion Formulation 365 9.3 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) 370 9.4 Linear Equalizer (LE) 371 9.5 Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) 387 9.6 Tomlinson–Harashima Precoding (THP) 411 9.7 Fractionally Spaced Equalizers 419 9.8 Summary 420 9.9 Appendix: Z-Transform and Related Results 422 9.10 Appendix: Optimization of Functions with Complex Variables 431 9.11 Appendix: Optimal Solution of Zero Forcing Linear Equalizer 434 9.12 Appendix: Gain of an MMSE Equalizer 439 9.13 Appendix: Detailed Derivation of Finite-Length DFE 440 References 449 Homework 451 Chapter 10 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 453 10.1 Introduction 453 10.2 OFDM Formulation 455 10.3 Time Domain Equalization 475 10.4 OFDM Advantages and Enhancements 477 10.5 Receiver Training and Adaptation 480 10.6 Implementation Issues 491 10.7 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 495 10.8 Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) Modulation 497 10.9 Summary 499 References 500 Homework 504 Chapter 11 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Technology 505 11.1 Introduction 505 11.2 MIMO Overview 506 11.3 A Simple Case of Mimo: Multibeam Transmission 507 11.4 Spatial Multiplexing: Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST) 518 11.5 Spatial Diversity: Space-Time Coding 525 11.6 Theoretical Treatments of MIMO Techniques 530 11.7 Other Forms of MIMO 543 11.8 Areas of Further Exploration 545 11.9 MIMO Applications 549 11.10 Summary 555 11.11 Appendix: Successive Cancellation (SC) Formulation 556 11.12 Appendix: Derivation of MIMO Channel Capacity for Fixed Channel 564 References 567 Homework 571 Chapter 12 5G Cellular System Radio Interface Technology 573 12.1 Introduction 573 12.2 Cellular Systems 573 12.3 The 5G System 578 12.4 Highlights of 3GPP Proposal 579 12.5 5G Physical Layer Technologies 583 12.6 Summary 606 References 607 Homework 614 Chapter 13 Closing Remarks and Further Exploration 615 13.1 Introduction 615 13.2 Analog Circuitry 615 13.3 Software-Defined Radio (SDR) 616 13.4 Cognitive Radio (CR) and Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) 617 13.5 Ultrawide Band (UWB) 620 13.6 Relaying and Cooperative Communications 620 13.7 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 621 13.8 Interference Management 622 13.9 Other Modulation Schemes 623 13.10 Optical Communications 623 13.11 Green Communications 624 13.12 Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) 625 13.13 Application of Game Theory 625 13.14 Security 625 13.15 Network Coding 626 13.16 Summary 628 References 628 Index 637