Energy Storage for Power System Planning and Operation

Preface xi Acknowledgements xv Abbreviation List xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Evolution of Power System and Demand of Energy Storage 1 1.2 Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications in Power Systems 6 1.2.1 Energy Storage Technologies 6 1.2.2 Technical and Economic Analyses of Different Energy Storage Technologies 14 1.2.3 Applications of Energy Storage in Power Systems 16 1.3 Chapter Structure 23 1.4 Notes to Readers 24 1.4.1 Topics Not Included in This Book 24 1.4.2 Required Basic Knowledge 26 References 26 2 Modeling of Energy Storage Systems for Power System Operation and Planning 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage System 36 2.2.1 Operation of a Pumped Hydroelectric Storage System 36 2.2.2 Steady-State Model of a Pumped Hydroelectric Storage System 37 2.3 Battery Energy Storage System 39 2.3.1 Operation of a Battery Energy Storage System 39 2.3.2 Steady-State Model of a Battery Energy Storage System 41 2.4 Compressed Air Energy Storage System 43 2.4.1 Operation of a Compressed Air Energy Storage System 43 2.4.2 Steady-State Model of a Compressed Air Energy Storage System 46 2.5 Simplified Steady-State Model of a Generic Energy Storage System 48 2.5.1 Transformation of a Pumped Hydroelectric Storage System Model 50 2.5.2 Transformation of a Compressed Air Energy Storage System Model 50 2.5.3 Steady-State Model of a Generic Energy Storage System 51 2.6 Conclusion 53 References 54 3 Day-Ahead Schedule and Bid for a Renewable Energy Generation and Energy Storage System Union 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Basic Model for Day-Ahead Schedule of a REG-ESS Union 58 3.3 Stochastic Optimization for Day-Ahead Coordination 59 3.3.1 Scenario-Based Optimization Model 59 3.3.2 Chance-Constrained Optimization Model 60 3.3.3 Case Studies on a Union of Wind Farm and Pumped Hydroelectric Storage Plant 63 3.4 Integrated Bidding Strategies for a REG-ESS Union 68 3.4.1 Day-Ahead Bidding Strategy 68 3.4.2 Solution Method 72 3.4.3 Illustrative Example 75 3.5 Conclusion and Discussion 77 References 78 4 Refined Bidding and Operating Strategy for a Renewable Energy Generation and Energy Storage System Union 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Real-Time Operation with Linear Decision Rules 82 4.3 Optimal Offering Strategy with Linear Decision Rules 86 4.3.1 Objective Function 87 4.3.2 Constraints 89 4.3.3 Complete Optimization Formulation 91 4.3.4 Case Studies 91 4.4 Electricity Market Time Frame and Rules with Intraday Market 93 4.4.1 Day-Ahead Bidding Rules 94 4.4.2 Intraday Bidding Rules 95 4.4.3 Real-Time Operation 95 4.5 Rolling Optimization Framework and Mathematical Formulations Considering Intraday Markets 96 4.5.1 Data Flow among Different Sections 96 4.5.2 Initial Residue Energy of Different Optimizations 98 4.5.3 Optimization Model for Each Market 98 4.5.4 Handling Wind Power Forecast Error 104 4.5.5 Case Studies 106 4.6 Conclusion and Discussion 112 References 113 5 Unit Commitment with Energy Storage System 117 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Energy Storage System Model for SCUC 118 5.3 Deterministic SCUC with Energy Storage System 120 5.3.1 Objective Function 120 5.3.2 Constraints 120 5.3.3 Case Studies 122 5.4 Stochastic and Robust SCUC with Energy Storage System and Wind Power 130 5.4.1 Scenario-Based Stochastic SCUC 130 5.4.2 Robust SCUC 132 5.5 Conclusion and Discussion 134 References 134 6 Optimal Power Flow with Energy Storage System 137 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Optimal Power Flow Formulation with Energy Storage System 138 6.2.1 Multi-Period OPF and Rolling Optimization 138 6.2.2 Energy Storage Model for the OPF Problem 138 6.2.3 OPF Formulation 140 6.3 Interior Point Method to Solve the Multi-Period OPF Problem 141 6.3.1 Optimal Condition for the Interior Point Method 141 6.3.2 Procedure of the Primal-Dual IPM to Solve the OPF Problem 143 6.3.3 Discussion on Singularities Caused by Constraints of Energy Storage System 144 6.4 Semidefinite Programming for the OPF Problem 144 6.4.1 Convex Relaxation of the OPF Problem 145 6.4.2 Lagrange Relaxation and Dual Problem 146 6.4.3 Optimal Solution of the OPF Problem 148 6.5 Simulation and Comparison 148 6.5.1 With a Single Energy Storage System 148 6.5.2 With Multiple Energy Storage Systems 152 6.6 Conclusion and Discussion 153 References 154 7 Power System Secondary Frequency Control with Fast Response Energy Storage System 157 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 Simulation of SFC with the Participation of Energy Storage System 158 7.2.1 Overview of SFC for a Single-Area System 158 7.2.2 Modeling of CG and ESS as Regulation Resources 160 7.2.3 Calculation of System Frequency Deviation 160 7.2.4 Estimation and Allocation of Regulation Power 162 7.3 Capacity Requirement for Secondary Frequency Control with Energy Storage System 163 7.3.1 Procedure to Quantify Regulation Capacity Requirements 163 7.3.2 Case Studies 164 7.4 Control Strategies of Secondary Frequency Control with Energy Storage System 171 7.4.1 CG First Power Allocation Strategy 171 7.4.2 Two Other Strategies 173 7.4.3 Frequency Control Performance and Cost Comparisons 174 7.5 Extending to Multi-area Power System 178 7.6 Conclusion and Discussion 180 References 182 8 Integration of Large-Scale Energy Storage System into the Transmission Network 185 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Costs and Benefits of Investing ESS in a Transmission Network 186 8.3 Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Energy Storage System and Active Power Loss 188 8.3.1 Objective Function and Constraints 188 8.3.2 Linearization of Line Losses 190 8.3.3 Sizing of Energy Storage Systems 191 8.3.4 Complete Mathematical Formulation 192 8.3.5 Case Studies 194 8.4 Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Daily Operation of ESS 195 8.4.1 Different Approaches to Consider Optimal Daily Operation 196 8.4.2 Formulation of Scenario-Based Optimization 197 8.5 Conclusion and Discussion 201 References 201 9 Optimal Planning of the Distributed Energy Storage System 203 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Benefits from Investing in DESS 204 9.3 Mathematical Model for Planning Distributed Energy Storage Systems 204 9.3.1 Planning Objectives 204 9.3.2 Dealing with Load Variations and Uncertain DG Outputs 205 9.3.3 Complete Mathematical Model with Operational and Security Constraints 205 9.4 Solution Methods for the Optimal Distributed Energy Storage System Planning Problem 209 9.4.1 Second-Order Cone Programming Method 209 9.4.2 Two-Stage Optimization Method 210 9.4.3 Solution Algorithm Based on Generalized Benders Decomposition 211 9.5 Distribution Network Expansion Planning with Distributed Energy Storage System 215 9.6 Conclusion and Discussion 217 References 218 Index 221