King's Applied Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis of Domestic Mammals

Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii About the Author xix About the Contributors xix About the Companion Website xxi 1 The Boundaries of the Abdomen 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Diaphragm 1 1.3 The Layers of the Abdominal Wall 2 1.3.1 The skin 2 1.3.2 The subcutaneous fascia 2 1.3.3 The rectus abdominis muscle 2 1.3.4 External abdominal oblique muscle 3 1.3.5 Internal abdominal oblique muscle 5 1.3.6 Transverse abdominal muscle 6 1.3.7 Retroperitoneal fascia 7 1.3.8 Parietal peritoneum 8 1.4 The Sheath of the Rectus Abdominis Muscle 8 1.5 Clinical Importance of the Ventral Body Wall 8 1.6 The Inguinal Canal 9 1.7 Hernias 11 1.7.1 Inguinal hernia 11 1.7.2 Umbilical hernia 11 1.7.3 Perineal hernia 11 1.7.4 Diaphragmatic hernia 12 1.7.5 Post-operative hernia 12 2 Gastrointestinal Function 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Functions of the Alimentary Tract 13 2.2.1 Transport of food 13 2.2.2 Physical treatment of food 14 2.2.3 Chemical treatment of food 14 2.2.4 Absorption 15 2.3 Regions of the Alimentary Tract 15 2.4 Clinical Conditions Affecting Gastrointestinal Function 17 3 The Mesenteries, Ligaments and Omenta 19 3.1 The Greater Omentum 19 3.2 The Clinical Significance of the Greater Omentum 20 3.3 The Lesser Omentum 20 3.4 Ligaments 20 3.4.1 Abdominal ligaments 21 3.4.2 Pelvic ligaments 21 3.4.3 Pelvic ligaments – female 21 3.4.4 Pelvic ligaments – male 22 4 The Stomach 23 4.1 Overview of the Mammalian Stomach 23 4.2 Species Variations 23 4.2.1 Horse 23 4.2.2 Ox 25 4.2.3 Sheep 26 4.2.4 Pig 27 4.2.5 Dog 27 4.3 Clinical Conditions 28 4.3.1 Horse 28 4.3.2 Ox 28 4.3.3 Sheep 28 4.3.4 Pig 29 4.3.5 Dog 29 5 The Small Intestines 31 5.1 Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum 31 5.2 Species Variations 32 5.2.1 Horse 32 5.2.2 Ox 33 5.2.3 Sheep 34 5.2.4 Pig 34 5.2.5 Dog 34 5.3 Clinical Conditions 36 5.3.1 Horse 36 5.3.2 Ox 36 5.3.3 Sheep 36 5.3.4 Pig 36 5.3.5 Dog 36 6 The Large Intestine 39 6.1 Overview 39 6.2 Species Variations 39 6.2.1 Horse 39 6.2.2 Ox 41 6.2.3 Sheep 42 6.2.4 Pig 42 6.2.5 Dog 43 6.3 Clinical Conditions 43 7 The Liver and Pancreas 45 7.1 The Liver 45 7.2 Anatomy of the Liver 45 7.3 Histology of the Liver 46 7.4 The Gall Bladder 46 7.5 Species Variations 47 7.5.1 Horse 47 7.5.2 Ruminants 47 7.5.3 Pig 48 7.5.4 Dog and Cat 49 7.6 The Pancreas 49 7.7 Clinical Conditions of the Liver and Pancreas 49 8 Arteries of the Abdomen and Pelvis 51 8.1 The Branches of the Abdominal Aorta 51 8.1.1 Coeliac artery 52 8.1.2 Cranial mesenteric artery 53 8.1.3 Phrenicoabdominal arteries 54 8.1.4 Renal arteries 54 8.1.5 Lumbar segmental arteries 55 8.1.6 Gonadal arteries 55 8.1.7 Caudal mesenteric artery 55 8.1.8 Deep circumflex iliac arteries 55 8.1.9 External iliac arteries 55 8.1.10 Internal iliac arteries 55 8.2 Species Variations 56 9 Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis 57 9.1 Tributaries of the Caudal Vena Cava 57 9.1.1 Deep circumflex iliac veins 57 9.1.2 Lumbar veins 57 9.1.3 The gonadal veins 58 9.1.4 Renal veins 58 9.1.5 Phrenicoabdominal veins 58 9.1.6 Hepatic veins 59 9.1.7 Phrenic veins 59 9.2 The Hepatic Portal Vein 59 9.3 The Mammary Glands 59 9.3.1 Species variations 60 10 Lymphatics and the Spleen 63 10.1 The Lymphatic System 63 10.2 The Spleen 64 10.3 Species Variations 64 10.3.1 Horse 64 10.3.2 Ruminants 66 10.3.3 Pig 66 10.3.4 Carnivore 66 10.3.5 Whale 66 10.4 Clinical Conditions Affecting the Lymphatic System 66 11 The Nerves of the Abdomen and Pelvis 69 11.1 General Somatic Afferent Neurons 69 11.2 General Visceral Afferent Neurons 69 11.3 General Somatic Efferent Neurons 70 11.4 General Visceral Efferent Neurons 70 11.4.1 Sympathetic motor pathways 70 11.4.2 The prevertebral ganglia 73 11.4.3 Sympathetic transmitter substances 74 11.4.4 Pain pathways from the abdominal viscera 74 11.4.5 Parasympathetic motor pathways 74 11.5 Clinical Conditions 75 11.6 Regional Anaesthesia 77 11.6.1 Paravertebral anaesthesia 77 11.6.2 Pudendal nerve block 77 12 The Kidneys 79 12.1 Nitrogenous Excretion 79 12.2 Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys 80 12.3 Species Variations 81 12.3.1 Horse 81 12.3.2 Ox 82 12.3.3 Sheep 82 12.3.4 Pig 82 12.3.5 Dog/cat 82 12.4 Clinical Conditions of the Kidneys of the Domestic Mammals 82 12.5 Urinary Bladder and Urethra 83 12.6 Adrenal Gland 83 12.6.1 The blood supply of the adrenal gland 84 13 The Ovaries and Ovarian Bursae 85 13.1 The Ovary 85 13.2 Species Variations 86 13.2.1 Mare 86 13.2.2 Cow 87 13.2.3 Ewe 87 13.2.4 Sow 87 13.2.5 Bitch 87 13.2.6 Queen 88 13.3 The Ovarian Bursa 88 13.4 The Uterine Tube, also called the Fallopian Tube or the Oviduct 88 14 The Uterus, Uterine Tube, Vestibule and Vagina 89 14.1 The Uterine Cornu 89 14.1.1 Species variations 89 14.2 The Body of the Uterus 92 14.3 The Pregnant Uterus 93 14.3.1 Species variations 93 14.4 Placentation 94 14.4.1 The foetal membranes 95 14.5 The Cervix Uteri 95 14.5.1 Species variations 95 14.6 The Vagina 96 14.7 The Vestibule 97 14.7.1 Species variations 98 14.8 Clinical Conditions 99 15 The Mammalian Penis 101 15.1 The Penis 101 15.2 Erectile Tissue 101 15.2.1 Corpus spongiosum penis 101 15.2.2 Corpus cavernosum penis 102 15.3 The Muscles of the Penis 102 15.3.1 Retractor penis muscle 102 15.3.2 Ischiocavernosus muscle 102 15.3.3 Bulbospongiosus muscle 102 15.4 The Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the Penis 103 15.5 Species Variations of the Penis 103 15.5.1 Horse 103 15.5.2 Ox 104 15.5.3 Sheep 105 15.5.4 Pig 107 15.5.5 Dog 109 15.5.6 Cat 110 15.6 The Prepuce 110 15.6.1 The muscles of the prepuce 111 15.6.2 The blood supply of the prepuce 111 15.6.3 Species variations of the prepuce 111 16 The Testes 113 16.1 The Anatomy of the Testes 113 16.2 Species Variations 113 16.3 The Scrotum 113 16.4 The Tissue Layers of the Testes and Scrotum 115 16.5 The Blood Supply and Drainage of the Testes 117 16.6 The Epididymis 118 16.7 Species Variations 118 16.7.1 Horse 118 16.7.2 Ruminant 118 16.7.3 Pig 118 16.7.4 Dog 118 16.8 The Descent of the Testes 118 16.9 Induction of Testicular Descent 121 17 The Accessory Sex Glands 123 17.1 The Accessory Glands 123 17.2 Prostate Gland 123 17.2.1 Species variations 123 17.3 Vesicular Glands 124 17.3.1 Species variations 124 17.4 Ampulla of the Ductus Deferens 125 17.5 Bulbourethral Glands 125 17.6 Clinical Conditions of the Accessory Glands 125 17.7 Anal Glands 125 18 Diagnostic Imaging of the Abdomen 127 18.1 Radiographic Anatomy 127 18.2 Specific Organs 128 18.2.1 The stomach 128 18.2.2 The spleen 129 18.2.3 The liver 129 18.2.4 The intestines 129 18.2.5 The kidneys 130 18.2.6 Urinary bladder 132 18.2.7 Urethra and prostate gland 132 18.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 132 18.4 Computed Tomography 133 18.5 Ultrasonography 133 18.6 Diagnostic Imaging in Equine Patients 135 18.7 Diagnostic Imaging in Farm Animals 137 18.8 Laparoscopy in Dogs and Cats 139 Appendix 141 Bibliography 147 Index 149