Handbook of Textile and Industrial Dyeing

Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles Part I: General aspects of dyeing Chapter 1: Fundamental principles of dyeing 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Principles of dyeing 1.3 Exhaust dyeing 1.4 Continuous dyeing 1.5 Printing 1.6 Classification systems for dyes 1.7 Classification of dyes by dye class 1.8 Conclusion Chapter 2: Structure and properties of textile materials Abstract: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Classification and properties of textile fibres 2.3 Fibre properties related to textile technology 2.4 Classification and properties of basic textile products 2.5 Physical chemistry of fibre polymers 2.6 Cellulosic fibres 2.7 Protein fibres 2.8 Man-made fibres Chapter 3: Pre-treatment and preparation of textile materials prior to dyeing Abstract: 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Impurities in textile fibres 3.3 Aims of preparatory processes 3.4 Preparation of cotton materials 3.5 Inspection and mending 3.6 Shearing and cropping 3.7 Singeing 3.8 Enzymatic processing 3.9 Desizing process 3.10 Scouring of cotton and other cellulosic fibres 3.11 Mercerisation 3.12 Preparation of proteineous materials 3.13 Carbonisation and scouring of wool 3.14 Shrink-resist treatment for wool 3.15 Degumming of silk 3.16 Preparation of synthetic materials 3.17 Bleaching 3.18 Improvement of whiteness Chapter 4: Chemistry of dyeing Abstract: 4.1 Fundamental principles of direct dyeing 4.2 Fundamental principles of reactive dyeing 4.3 Fundamental principles of disperse dyeing 4.4 Fundamental principles of acid dyeing 4.5 Fundamental principles of azoic dyeing 4.6 Fundamental principles of vat dyeing 4.7 Fundamental principles of sulphur dyeing 4.8 Conclusions Chapter 5: Thermodynamics and kinetics of dyeing and dyebath monitoring systems Abstract: 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Thermodynamics of dyeing 5.3 Kinetics of dyeing 5.4 Dyebath monitoring systems 5.7 Appendix: mathematical symbols Chapter 6: An overview of dye fastness testing Abstract: 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Overview of dye fastness testing 6.3 Grading of fastness properties 6.4 Factors influencing dye fastness 6.5 Application 6.6 Conclusions Chapter 7: Molecular modeling and predicting dye properties Abstract: 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Prediction of wavelength of maximum absorption 7.3 Effect of crystal packing on λmax 7.4 Ab initio calculations of crystal structures 7.5 Quantitative-structure activity relationship in dye–fiber affinity prediction Chapter 8: Methods and machinery for the dyeing process Abstract: 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Jiggers 8.3 Beam dyeing machines 8.4 Winches 8.5 Jet dyeing machines with hydraulic flow system 8.6 Airflow dyeing machines with aerodynamic flow system 8.7 Atmospheric softflow/overflow dyeing machines 8.8 HT softflow/overflow dyeing machines 8.9 Machines to dye fabric in rope/open-width form 8.10 Semi-continuous and continuous open-width dyeing machines 8.11 Future trends 8.13 Appendix: list of machinery manufacturers Part II: Dye types and processes Chapter 9: The chemistry of reactive dyes and their application processes Abstract: 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The history of reactive dye development 9.3 Chemistry of commercially available reactive dyes 9.4 The application of reactive dyes to cellulosic fibres 9.5 The application of reactive dyes to natural and synthetic polyamide fibres 9.6 Miscellaneous methods to covalently bond dyes to fibres 9.7 Conclusions Chapter 10: Disperse dyes Abstract: 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Developments in disperse dyes 10.3 Types of disperse dye 10.4 Properties of disperse dyes 10.5 Future trends Chapter 11: Natural dyes Abstract: 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Classification of natural dyes 11.3 Chemistry of natural dyes 11.4 Chemistry and types of mordants 11.5 Application of mordants to textiles 11.6 Application of natural dyes to textiles 11.7 Fastness properties of natural dyes 11.8 Future trends Chapter 12: Direct dyes Abstract: 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Classification of direct dyes according to dyeing characteristics 12.3 Classification based on chemical structure 12.4 Bisazine dyes and copper phthalocyanine dyes 12.5 Future trends Chapter 13: Metal-complex dyes Abstract: 13.1 Introduction 13.2 General properties 13.3 Chemistry of dyes 13.4 Classification and nomenclature 13.5 Mordant dyes 13.6 Premetallised dyes 13.7 Fastness of dyed fabrics 13.8 The problem of waste water 13.9 Future trends Chapter 14: Sulphur dyes Abstract: 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Properties of sulphur dyes 14.3 Chemistry of sulphur dyes 14.4 Synthesis 14.5 Classification of sulphur dyes 14.6 Practical application 14.7 Reducing systems 14.8 Oxidising agents 14.9 Bronzing of dyeing 14.10 Fastness of dyed textiles 14.11 Tendering effect on cellulose 14.12 Waste-water load from sulphur dyebath 14.13 Strengths and limitations 14.14 Stripping of sulphur dyes 14.15 Future trends Chapter 15: Acid dyes Abstract: 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Classification of acid dyes 15.3 Azo acid dyes 15.4 Anthraquinone dyes 15.5 Acid nitro dyes 15.6 Triphenylmethane acid dyes 15.7 Water-repellent dyes 15.8 Acid dyes with inherent light fastness 15.9 Acid dyes free from 1-naphthylamine 15.10 Future trends Chapter 16: Environmentally friendly dyes Abstract: 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Classification of dyes 16.3 Environmental issues in dyeing 16.4 Environmentally friendly dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes 16.5 Alternative reducing systems for the dyeing of cotton with vat and sulphur dyes 16.6 Environmentally friendly dyeing of wool 16.7 Environmentally friendly dyeing of polyester 16.8 Future trends Chapter 17: Fluorescent dyes Abstract: 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Fluorescence 17.3 Chemical types of fluorescent dye 17.4 Textile applications of fluorescent dyes 17.5 Other applications of fluorescent dyes 17.6 Future trends 17.7 Sources of further information Chapter 18: Near-infrared dyes Abstract: 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Properties of near-infrared (NIR) dyes 18.3 Types of NIR dyes 18.4 Applications 18.5 Future trends Chapter 19: Azoic dyeing Abstract: 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Advantages and disadvantages of azoic dyeing 19.3 Chemistry of azoic dyeing 19.4 Colours obtainable using azoic components 19.5 Methods for dissolution of naphthol 19.6 Naphtholation and dyeing of cotton 19.7 Intermediate treatments 19.8 Development 19.9 After-treatment 19.10 Dyeing of silk 19.11 Dyeing of polyester 19.12 Dyeing of nylon 19.13 Fastness properties 19.14 Stripping of azoic colours 19.15 Environmental issues associated with azoic colours 19.16 Conclusion Index