Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis, 2e Set

Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis, 2nd Edition TOC: List of Case Studies xiii List of Boxes xiv Preface xvi New in the Second Edition xviii About the Author xxi Whom This Book Is Written For xxii To the Instructor xxiii Acknowledgments xxiv List of Symbols xxvi 1 Introduction to Environmental Data Acquisition 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Environmental Sampling 9 1.3 Environmental Analysis 9 Chapter Themes 13 References 13 Questions 14 Problems 15 2 Basics of Analytical and Organic Chemistry 16 2.1 Basic Concepts from Analytical Chemistry 17 2.2 Basic Concepts from Organic Chemistry 27 Chapter Themes 47 References 48 Questions 49 Problems 51 3 Basics of Environmental Data Validation and Analysis 55 3.1 Measurements of Central Tendency and Dispersion 56 3.2 Understanding Probability Distributions 59 3.3 Hypothesis Testing and Type I and II Errors 65 3.4 Detection of Outliers 67 3.5 Analysis of Censored Data 72 3.6 Analysis of Spatial and Time Series Data 77 Chapter Themes 80 References 81 Questions 82 Problems 83 4 Environmental Sampling Design 87 4.1 Planning and Sampling Protocols 88 4.2 Sampling Environmental Population 91 4.3 Environmental Sampling Approaches: Where and When 95 4.4 Estimating Sample Numbers and Sampling Frequencies 108 Chapter Themes 112 References 113 Questions 115 Problems 116 5 Environmental Sampling Techniques 120 5.1 General Guidelines of Environmental Sampling Techniques 121 5.2 Grab Sampling Techniques for Various Media: Practical Approaches and Tips 136 5.3 Time-Integrated Sampling and Sensing Techniques 148 Chapter Themes 153 References 154 Questions 156 Problems 158 6 Methodology and Quality Assurance/Quality Control of Environmental Analysis 159 6.1 Overview on Standard Methodologies 160 6.2 Selection of Standard Methods 169 6.3 Field Quality Assurance/Quality Control 175 6.4 Analytical Quality Assurance/Quality Control 177 Chapter Themes 185 References 186 Questions 187 Problems 189 7 Wet Chemical and Field Methods for Common Environmental Parameters 191 7.1 Basic Operations in Environmental Laboratories 192 7.2 Wet Chemical Methods and Common Techniques in Environmental Analysis 200 7.3 Analytical Principles for Common Wet Chemical Methods 204 7.4 Field Monitoring Testing Kits and Sensors 221 Chapter Themes 224 References 224 Questions 225 Problems 226 8 Fundamentals of Sample Preparation for Environmental Analysis 229 8.1 Overview of Sample Preparation 230 8.2 Sample Preparation for Metal Analysis 233 8.3 Extraction for SVOC and Non-VOC from Liquid or Solid Samples 240 8.4 Sample Preparation for VOC in Liquid and Solid Samples 251 8.5 Post-Extraction Cleanup of Organic Compounds 255 8.6 Derivatization for GC and HPLC Analysis 257 Chapter Themes 260 References 260 Questions 262 Problems 263 9 Molecular Spectroscopic Methods in Environmental Analysis 264 9.1 An Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy 265 9.2 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 271 9.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 286 9.4 Raman Spectrometry 296 9.5 Photoluminescence and Chemiluminescence 299 Chapter Themes 300 References 301 Questions 302 Problems 305 10 Atomic Spectroscopy for Metal Analysis 306 10.1 Introduction to the Principles of Atomic Spectroscopy 307 10.2 Instruments for Atomic Spectroscopy 313 10.3 Selection of the Proper Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques 320 10.4 Speciation of Metals in Environmental Samples 325 10.5 Practical Tips to Metal Analysis 326 Chapter Themes 331 References 332 Questions 333 Problems 335 11 Chromatographic Methods for Environmental Analysis 336 11.1 Introduction to Chromatography 337 11.2 Instruments of Chromatographic Methods 356 11.3 Common Detectors for Chromatography 363 11.4 Applications of Chromatographic Methods in Environmental Analysis 371 11.5 Practical Tips to Chromatographic Methods 375 Chapter Themes 379 References 380 Questions 381 Problems 383 12 Electrochemical Methods for Environmental Analysis 385 12.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Theories 386 12.2 Potentiometric Applications in Environmental Analysis 395 12.3 Voltammetric Applications in Environmental Analysis 401 Chapter Themes 406 References 407 Questions 408 Problems 410 13 Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis 411 13.1 Basics of Mass Spectrometry 412 13.2 Ionization Techniques 417 13.3 Mass Analyzers 428 13.4 Hyphenated Mass Spectrometric Methods 435 13.5 Mass Spectra and Molecule Fragmentation 442 13.6 Mass Spectrometric Applications in Environmental Analysis 448 Chapter Themes 451 References 452 Questions 453 Problems 458 14 Other Instrumental Methods in Environmental Analysis 459 14.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 460 14.2 Surface and Microscopic Characterization 474 14.3 Radiochemical Analysis 484 14.4 Screening Methods Using Immunoassay 489 Chapter Themes 489 References 490 Questions 491 Problems 494 Appendix A: Common Abbreviations and Acronyms 495 Appendix B1: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 503 Appendix B2: National Ambient Air Quality Standards 507 Appendix C: Structures and Properties of Important Organic Pollutants 508 Appendix D1: Standard Normal Cumulative Probabilities 519 Appendix D2: Percentiles of Student’s t Distribution 521 Appendix D3: Critical Values for the F-Distribution 523 Appendix E: Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, and Holding Times 526 Appendix F: Answers to Selected Questions and Problems 529 Appendix G: Periodic Table 537 Index 538 Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis, 2nd Edition Solutions Manual TOC: Chapter 1 Questions 1 Problems 5 Chapter 2 Questions 6 Problems 12 Chapter 3 Questions 17 Problems 19 Chapter 4 Questions 33 Problems 39 Chapter 5 Questions 49 Problems 53 Chapter 6 Questions 56 Problems 63 Chapter 7 Questions 67 Problems 74 Chapter 8 Questions 79 Problems 87 Chapter 9 Questions 90 Problems 96 Chapter 10 Questions 100 Problems 108 Chapter 11 Questions 110 Problems 121 Chapter 12 Questions 124 Problems 131 Chapter 13 Questions 133 Problems 145 Chapter 14 Questions 147 Problems 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