Fundamentals and Applications of Lithium-ion Batteries in Electric Drive Vehicles

About the Authors xi Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Development of Batteries in Electric Drive Vehicles 1 1.1.1 The Goals 1 1.1.2 Trends in Development of the Batteries 1 1.1.3 Application Issues of LIBs 3 1.1.4 Significance of Battery Management Technology 4 1.2 Development of Battery Management Technologies 5 1.2.1 No Management 5 1.2.2 Simple Management 5 1.2.3 Comprehensive Management 6 1.3 BMS Key Technologies 7 References 8 2 Performance Modeling of Lithium-ion Batteries 9 2.1 Reaction Mechanism of Lithium-ion Batteries 9 2.2 Testing the Characteristics of Lithium-ion Batteries 11 2.2.1 Rate Discharge Characteristics 11 2.2.2 Charge and Discharge Characteristics Under Operating Conditions 12 2.2.3 Impact of Temperature on Capacity 15 2.2.4 Self-Discharge 19 2.3 Battery Modeling Method 20 2.3.1 Equivalent Circuit Model 21 2.3.2 Electrochemical Model 22 2.3.3 Neural Network Model 24 2.4 Simulation and Comparison of Equivalent Circuit Models 24 2.4.1 Model Parameters Identification Principle 25 2.4.2 Implementation Steps of Parameter Identification 25 2.4.3 Comparison of Simulation of Three Equivalent Circuit Models 28 2.5 Battery Modeling Method Based on a Battery Discharging Curve 31 2.6 Battery Pack Modeling 34 2.6.1 Battery Pack Modeling 35 2.6.2 Simulation of Battery Pack Model 35 References 42 3 Battery State Estimation 43 3.1 Definition of SOC 43 3.1.1 The Maximum Available Capacity 43 3.1.2 Definition of Single Cell SOC 46 3.1.3 Definition of the SOC of Series Batteries 48 3.2 Discussion on the Estimation of the SOC of a Battery 50 3.2.1 Load Voltage Detection 50 3.2.2 Electromotive Force Method 50 3.2.3 Resistance Method 52 3.2.4 Ampere-hour Counting Method 53 3.2.5 Kalman Filter Method 54 3.2.6 Neural Network Method 55 3.2.7 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System 57 3.2.8 Support Vector Machines 60 3.3 Battery SOC Estimation Algorithm Application 62 3.3.1 The SOC Estimation of a PEV Power Battery 62 3.3.2 Power Battery SOC Estimation for Hybrid Vehicles 80 3.4 Definition and Estimation of the Battery SOE 87 3.4.1 Definition of the Single Battery SOE 87 3.4.2 SOE Definition of the Battery Groups 91 3.5 Method for Estimation of the Battery Group SOE and the Remaining Energy 95 3.6 Method of Estimation of the Actual Available Energy of the Battery 96 References 98 4 The Prediction of Battery Pack Peak Power 101 4.1 Definition of Peak Power 101 4.1.1 Peak Power Capability of Batteries 101 4.1.2 Battery Power Density 102 4.1.3 State of Function of Batteries 103 4.2 Methods for Testing Peak Power 103 4.2.1 Test Methods Developed by Americans 103 4.2.2 The Test Method of Japan 106 4.2.3 The Chinese Standard Test Method 108 4.2.4 The Constant Power Test Method 109 4.2.5 Comparison of the Above-Mentioned Testing Methods 112 4.3 Peak Power 112 4.3.1 The Relation between Peak Power and Temperature 113 4.3.2 The Relation between Peak Power and SOC 115 4.3.3 Relationship between Peak Power and Ohmic Internal Resistance 116 4.4 Available Power of the Battery Pack 117 4.4.1 Factors Influencing Available Power 117 4.4.2 The Optimized Method of Available Power 119 References 121 5 Charging Control Technologies for Lithium-ion Batteries 123 5.1 Literature Review on Lithium-ion Battery Charging Technologies 123 5.1.1 The Academic Significance of Charging Technologies of Lithium-ion Batteries 123 5.1.2 Development of Charging Technologies for Lithium-ion Batteries 124 5.2 Key Indicators for Measuring Charging Characteristics 129 5.2.1 Charge Capacity 130 5.2.2 Charging Efficiency 135 5.2.3 Charging Time 141 5.3 Charging External Characteristic Parameters of the Lithium-ion Battery 146 5.3.1 Current 146 5.3.2 Voltage 146 5.3.3 Temperature 147 5.4 Analysis of Charging Polarization Voltage Characteristics 147 5.4.1 Calculation of the Polarization Voltage 147 5.4.2 Analysis of Charging Polarization in the Time Domain 150 5.4.3 Characteristic Analysis of the Charging Polarization in the SOC Domain 156 5.4.4 The Impact of Different SOCs and DODs on the Battery Polarization 160 5.5 Improvement of the Constant Current and Constant Voltage Charging Method 163 5.5.1 Selection of the Key Process Parameters in the CCCV Charging Process 164 5.5.2 Optimization Strategy for the CCCV Charging 165 5.6 Principles and Methods of the Polarization Voltage Control Charging Method 167 5.6.1 Principles 167 5.6.2 Implementation Methods 169 5.6.3 Comparison of the Constant Polarization Charging Method and the Traditional Charging Method 172 5.7 Summary 177 References 177 6 Evaluation and Equalization of Battery Consistency 179 6.1 Analysis of Battery Consistency 179 6.1.1 Causes of Batteries Inconsistency 180 6.1.2 The Influence of Inconsistency on the Performance of the Battery Pack 182 6.2 Evaluation Indexes of Battery Consistency 183 6.2.1 The Natural Parameters Influencing Parallel Connected Battery Characteristics 183 6.2.2 Parameters Influencing the Battery External Voltage 191 6.2.3 Method for Analysis of Battery Consistency 197 6.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Battery Consistency 201 6.3.1 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency Based on the External Voltage 202 6.3.2 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency Based on the Capacity Utilization Rate of the Battery Pack 203 6.3.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency Based on the Energy Utilization Rate of the Battery Pack 206 6.4 Equalization of the Battery Pack 209 6.4.1 Equalization Based on the External Voltage of a Single Cell 209 6.4.2 Equalization of the Battery Pack Based on the Maximum Available Capacity 211 6.4.3 Equalization of the Battery Pack Based on the Maximum Available Energy 215 6.4.4 Equalization Based on the SOC of the Single Cells 217 6.4.5 Control Strategy for the Equalizer 219 6.4.6 Effect Confirmation 221 6.5 Summary 223 References 224 7 Technologies for the Design and Application of the Battery Management System 225 7.1 The Functions and Architectures of a Battery Management System 225 7.1.1 The Functions of the Battery Management System 225 7.1.2 Architecture of the Battery Management System 227 7.2 Design of the Battery Parameters Measurement Module 230 7.2.1 Battery Cell Voltage Measurement 230 7.2.2 Temperature Measurement 235 7.2.3 Current Measurement 238 7.2.4 Total Voltage Measurement 241 7.2.5 Insulation Measurement 242 7.3 Design of the Battery Equalization Management Circuit 246 7.3.1 The Energy Non-Dissipative Type 247 7.3.2 The Energy Dissipative Type 250 7.4 Data Communication 251 7.4.1 CAN Communication 251 7.4.2 A New Communication Mode 254 7.5 The Logic and Safety Control 255 7.5.1 The Power-Up Control 255 7.5.2 Charge Control 256 7.5.3 Temperature Control 258 7.5.4 Fault Alarm and Control 259 7.6 Testing the Stability of the BMS 260 7.6.1 Dielectric Resistance 260 7.6.2 Insulation Withstand Voltage Performance 262 7.6.3 Test on Monitoring Functions of BMS 262 7.6.4 SOC Estimation 263 7.6.5 Battery Fault Diagnosis 263 7.6.6 Security and Protection 263 7.6.7 Operating at High Temperatures 263 7.6.8 Operating at Low Temperatures 263 7.6.9 High-Temperature Resistance 264 7.6.10 Low-Temperature Resistance 264 7.6.11 Salt Spray Resistance 264 7.6.12 Wet-Hot Resistance 264 7.6.13 Vibration Resistance 264 7.6.14 Resistance to Power Polarity Reverse Connection Performance 265 7.6.15 Electromagnetic Radiation Immunity 265 7.7 Practical Examples of BMS 265 7.7.1 Pure Electric Bus (Pure Electric Bus for the Beijing Olympic Games) 265 7.7.2 Pure Electric Vehicles (JAC Tongyue) 269 7.7.3 Hybrid Electric Bus (FOTON Plug-In Range Extended Electric bus) 269 7.7.4 Hybrid Passenger Car Vehicle (Trumpchi) 271 7.7.5 The Trolley Bus with Two Kinds of Power 273 Index 275