Language Teacher Identity

About the Authors xii Foreword: Filling the Gaps in Language Teacher Education: A Prologue xviii Ofelia García 1 Language Teacher Identity and Education in the Crossfire of Evolving Raciolinguistic and Monolingual Ideologies 1 Sílvia Melo-Pfeifer and Vander Tavares 1.1 Introduction: How and Why Did We Get Here? 1 1.2 Addressing the Key Concepts of This Volume 4 1.3 The Volume in a Nutshell 9 1.4 Conclusion 16 References 18 Part 1 Experiences of Identity Construction of Plurilingual Language Teachers 21 2 Future Teachers of Two Languages in Germany: Self-reported Professional Knowledge and Teaching Anxieties 23 Sílvia Melo-Pfeifer and Vander Tavares 2.1 Introduction: Moving Beyond the Dichotomy of Native/Nonnative Foreign Language Teachers in the Study of Professional Knowledge and Teaching Anxiety 23 2.2 Teachers of Two Languages and Foreign Language (Teaching) Anxiety: Crisscrossing Two Research Fields 25 2.2.1 Teachers of Two Languages: Why Do They Matter? 25 2.2.2 Foreign Language (Teaching) Anxiety 27 2.3 The Empirical Study 29 2.3.1 Context and Participants 29 2.3.2 Data Collection Instrument 31 2.3.3 Data Analysis 31 2.4 Findings 32 2.4.1 Representations of Teachers’ Knowledge 32 2.4.1.1 Quantitative Analysis 32 2.4.1.2 Qualitative Analysis 34 2.4.2 Representations of Teachers’ Emotions: A Focus on Language Anxiety 37 2.4.2.1 Quantitative Analysis 37 2.4.2.2 Qualitative Analysis 38 2.5 Discussion of the Results, Unanswered Questions, and Further Research Perspectives 39 2.6 Implications for Teacher Education Programs 41 References 42 3 Exploring Identities and Emotions of a Teacher of Multiple Languages: An Arts-based Narrative Inquiry Using Clay Work 45 Eric K. Ku 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Identities and Emotions in Teaching Multiple Languages 46 3.3 Clay Work as Arts-based Narrative Inquiry 47 3.4 Methodology 48 3.4.1 Data Collection 48 3.4.2 Data Analysis 49 3.5 Park’s Narratives 50 3.5.1 Learning Japanese and English 50 3.5.2 Teaching Korean and English 53 3.6 Discussion 58 3.6.1 Multiple Identities and Emotions as a TML 58 3.6.2 Race and Ethnicity in Teaching Multiple Languages 59 3.7 Reflections on Using Clay Work 60 References 61 4 Emotional Geographies of Teaching Two Languages: Power, Agency, and Identity 63 Vander Tavares 4.1 L2 Teachers’ Experiences: Beyond Ideologies 64 4.2 Understanding Teaching Through Emotional Geographies 65 4.3 Research Design: Autoethnography 68 4.3.1 Data Collection and Analysis 69 4.4 Findings in Stories 71 4.4.1 Teaching Portuguese as an Additional Language 71 4.4.2 Teaching English as a Second Language 73 4.5 Discussion and Conclusion 75 References 78 5 Teaching Languages in the Linguistic Marketplace: Exploring the Impact of Policies and Ideologies on My Teacher Identity Development 82 Jonas Yassin Iversen 5.1 Introduction 82 5.2 Language Teaching in Norway 83 5.3 The Linguistic Marketplace 85 5.4 A Poststructuralist Perspective on Teacher Identity 87 5.5 Autoethnography 89 5.6 Teaching a Language of Convenience: Destabilizing Identity 90 5.7 Teaching a Language of Necessity: Disintegrating Identity 92 5.8 Teaching a Language of High Prestige: Regaining Agency 93 5.9 Teacher Identity in the Linguistic Marketplace 95 5.10 Practical Implications for Language Teacher Education 96 References 97 Part 2 Emergent and Critical Perspectives on Language Teacher Education Programs 103 6 Cultivating the Critical: Professional Development as Ideological Development for Teachers of Racialized Bi/Multilingual Students 105 Kate Seltzer 6.1 Introduction 105 6.2 A Critical Translingual Approach to PD: Theoretical Framings 106 6.3 Project Design and Methods 108 6.3.1 Project Overview 108 6.3.2 Participants 109 6.3.3 Data Collection and Analysis 110 6.3.4 Researcher Positionality 111 6.4 Findings 112 6.4.1 “I Don’t Want to Contribute to the Problems That I Feel Are Just, Like, Inherent in Our System” 112 6.4.2 “Who Educates the Educators?” 114 6.4.3 “I Have to Think and Really, Concretely, Make Sure That It Happens” 115 6.5 Discussion and Implications for Language Teacher Education 117 6.6 Conclusion 119 References 120 7 “The Words Flowed Like a River”: Taking Up Translanguaging in a Teacher Education Program 123 Cecilia M. Espinosa, Melissa L. García, and Alison Lehner-Quam 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Methodology 125 7.2.1 The Setting 126 7.3 Translanguaging and Translanguaging in Teacher Education 127 7.4 Capitalizing on Our Languaging Practices: Cecilia’s Story of Her Pedagogical Practices 129 7.5 Serving the Campus Community Through Multilingual Library Services and Collections: Alison’s Story of Her Pedagogical Practice 131 7.6 Child Development Reflections: Melissa’s Story of Her Pedagogical Practice 134 7.7 Implications and Conclusion 136 References 138 8 Linguistic Journeys: Interrogating Linguistic Ideologies in a Teacher Preparation Setting 142 Ivana Espinet 8.1 Introduction 142 8.2 Developing Teachers’ Stances and Leadership 143 8.3 Pre-service Teachers at a Community College 145 8.3.1 Starting Points: Examining Our Language Practices 147 8.3.2 Widening the Lenses: Understanding District and School Language Policies 150 8.3.3 Learning from Experienced Teachers 152 8.4 Conclusion 154 References 155 Part 3 Confronting Ideologies of Ethnicity, Language, and Accent 159 9 Racialization of the Japanese Language in the Narratives of Brazilian Undergraduate Students 161 Fabiana Cristina Ramos Patrocínio and Paula Garcia de Freitas 9.1 Introduction 161 9.2 Methods and objectives 163 9.3 The Racialization of the Japanese Language 164 9.3.1 Perception of Non-descendants as Japanese Students 164 9.3.2 The Perception of Descendants as Japanese Learners 168 9.3.3 A Parallel Between the Effects of Racialization Among Descendants and Non-descendants 170 9.4 Discussion 174 9.5 Conclusion 176 References 178 10 Ethnic Accent Bullying, EFL Teaching and Learning in Mongolia 180 Bolormaa Shinjee and Sender Dovchin 10.1 Introduction 180 10.2 Ethnic Accent Bullying 184 10.3 Research Methodology 186 10.3.1 Data Collection and Analysis 187 10.4 Overt Ethnic Accent Bullying 188 10.5 Covert Ethnic Accent Bullying 190 10.6 Conclusion 192 References 194 Part 4 Disrupting Raciolinguistic Ideologies 199 11 Englishes as a Site of Colonial Conflict: Nuances in Teacher Enactment of a Transraciolinguistic Approach 201 Patriann Smith, Crystal Dail Rose, and Tala M. Karkar-Esperat 11.1 Immigrant Multilingual Teachers Crossing Transnational Boundaries 204 11.1.1 Teacher Beliefs About English for Teaching Language and Literacy 204 11.1.2 Tensions Between Teacher Beliefs and Practice Based on Context 205 11.1.3 Teacher Enactment of Ideologies About English in Teaching 206 11.1.4 Former “Foreign-Born” Literacy Teachers in the United States 207 11.2 Raciolinguicizing World/Global Englishes in a “Post-colonial” Transnational World 208 11.3 Methods 210 11.3.1 Participants 210 11.3.2 Data Sources, Collection, Procedures 211 11.3.3 Analysis 211 11.4 Findings 212 11.4.1 Colonially Inherited Raciolinguistic Ideologies 212 11.4.1.1 Preference for Standardized English in the Home Country 212 11.4.1.2 Emphasis on Basic Language Skills 214 11.4.2 Sources for Inadvertently Subscribing to Raciolinguistic Ideologies 215 11.4.3 Transraciolinguistics in World Englishes as Part of a “Postcolonial” Era 217 11.5 Conclusion 220 References 222 12 The Raciolinguistic Enregisterment and Aestheticization of ELT Labor 226 Vijay A. Ramjattan 12.1 Introduction 226 12.2 Aestheticizing and Racializing Labor 228 12.3 The Consequences of Raciolinguistically Enregistered Aesthetic Labor in ELT 229 12.3.1 Employment Discrimination 229 12.3.2 Lower Wages 232 12.3.3 Just Whiteness for Sale 233 12.3.4 Erasure of Expertise and Compensatory Identity Work 235 12.4 Concluding Thoughts 237 References 239 13 Issues of Legitimization, Authority, and Acceptance: Pakistani English Language Teachers and Their Confrontation of Raciolinguistic Ideologies in ELT/TESOL Classrooms 242 Kashif Raza 13.1 Introduction 242 13.2 The Anecdotal Narrative and Raciolinguistic Ideologies 244 13.3 English as a Lingua Franca-Aware Teaching and Learning 246 13.4 Two-way Multilingual Turn in TESOL 248 13.5 Research on English Language Teaching in the Gulf 252 13.6 Conclusion and Implications for Confronting Raciolinguistic Ideologies 253 References 254 14 Language Student-Teachers of a Racialized Background: The Transracial Construction of the Competent Language Teacher 258 Sílvia Melo-Pfeifer 14.1 Introduction 258 14.2 Empirical study 261 14.2.1 Participants and methodology of the larger study 261 14.2.2 The Comparative Case Study: Student-teachers 2 and 5 263 14.3 Findings 265 14.3.1 Student 2: “Oh Man, You Can See It So Clearly!?” 265 14.3.2 Student 5: “It Could Have Been That I Am Cuban or Something” 268 14.4 Discussion 271 14.4.1 The Interplay of Raciolinguistic and Language Teaching Ideologies: Passing or Posing as a Native-speaker Teacher? 271 14.4.2 The Transracial Construction of the Competent Language Teacher 274 14.5 Conclusion 276 References 277 Postface 281 Rahat Zaidi Index 285