Digital Transformation and Public Policies

Acknowledgments ix About the Authors xi Introduction xiii Isabelle LIOTARD, Valérie REVEST and Audrey VÉZIAN Chapter 1 From Crowdsourcing to Inclusiveness: The European Experience of Innovation Contests 1 Isabelle LIOTARD and Valérie REVEST 1.1. Open innovation and crowdsourcing: two closely related phenomena 3 1.2 Platforms, innovation contests and inclusiveness or how to better articulate innovation and society? 5 1.3 The European context: a proactive approach to open innovation 10 1.4 European contests and inclusiveness: two case studies 12 1.4.1 Blockchain for social goods (BCSG): a step towards greater inclusiveness? 14 1.4.2 Affordable High-Tech for Humanitarian Aid (AHTHA): an attempt to increase cooperation? 19 1.5 Discussion and conclusion 22 1.5.1 Contests and mechanisms of co-production of knowledge 23 1.5.2 A reflection on communities of innovation 24 1.6 Acknowledgments 27 1.7 References 27 Chapter 2 The Regulation of Public Data: The Difficult Case of the Health Sector 35 Audrey VÉZIAN 2.1 Tenfold attraction for health data, new digitized tools: towards truly innovative practices? 39 2.1.1 A constant quest for data 39 2.1.2 Health data with an increasingly broad scope 40 2.1.3 Health data used to serve a reform rhetoric that is not very innovative 41 2.2 Towards an economic valuation of health data in the name of a sovereignty imperative 44 2.2.1 Public action and data representation as an economic issue 45 2.2.2 Towards public–private co-regulation of health data 49 2.3 A contested regulatory vision 61 2.3.1 A complex health system 61 2.3.2 Interministerial rivalries 64 2.3.3 A professional sector under tension 67 2.4 Conclusion 69 2.5 References 70 Chapter 3 Access Policies to Digital Resources of Administration through the Lens of Microsimulation 73 Franck BESSIS and Paul COTTON 3.1 From a circumvented closure to a progressive and non-systematic opening of data (1951–2001) 78 3.1.1 Outside of the administration, researchers who manage to access data in an “informal” way 78 3.1.2 Incomplete access: the decisive advantage of “Administrative Economists” 82 3.2 The movement to open up at the turn of the 2010s: from retreat to institutional change 86 3.2.1 Fiscal revolution and statistical counter-revolution: a movement to close the data 86 3.2.2 From a relationship of distrust to one of trust: the IPP and the LPR/Lemaire law (2011–2016) 88 3.3 The movement to open up codes: free consent versus forced freedom 90 3.3.1 The first steps of an “open source” culture within the administration 91 3.3.2 Forced openness: the administration ordered to communicate or open up the codes of its microsimulation models 94 3.4 Discussion: different conceptions of opening up quality? 101 3.5 References 107 Chapter 4 How to Characterize Public Innovation Platforms? Crossed Perspectives 111 Isabelle LIOTARD, Valérie REVEST and Claudine GAY 4.1 Platforms in economics and management 113 4.1.1 From the platform to the digital platform: definitions and characteristics 113 4.1.2 Digital platform and a two-sided market 116 4.2 From innovation intermediation platforms (IIPs) to public innovation intermediation platforms (PIIPs) 120 4.2.1 Innocentive, a private intermediary innovation platform 121 4.2.2 Challenge.Gov, an innovation intermediary government platform 123 4.2.3 First conceptualization of public innovation intermediation platforms (PIIPs) 126 4.3 The contribution of engineering sciences to the analysis of PIIPs: some directions to explore 130 4.3.1 The contributions of a process approach 131 4.3.2 The Open Innovation Platform (OIP): from a characterization in technical terms 132 4.3.3 … to a vision in terms of modularity and lifecycle 133 4.4 Discussion and conclusion 137 4.5 Acknowledgments 141 4.6 References 141 Conclusion 147 Paul COTTON, Isabelle LIOTARD and Valérie REVEST List of Authors 161 Index 163