Bone and Joint Infections

List of Contributors xii Preface to the Second Edition xvi Foreword to the First Edition xvii Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Werner Zimmerli Chapter 2 Diagnostic Approach in Bone and Joint Infections 5 Nora Renz, Donara Margaryan, and Andrej Trampuz Introduction 5 Common Microorganisms Causing Bone and Joint Infection 7 Diagnostic Approach in Spinal Infection 8 Diagnostic Approach in Bone Fixation Device‐Associated Infection 10 Diagnostic Approach in Native Arthritis and Infections after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair (ACL‐R) 12 Diagnostic Approach in Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJI) 15 Key Points 17 References 17 Chapter 3 Unusual Microorganisms in Periprosthetic Joint Infection 21 Camelia Marculescu and Werner Zimmerli Introduction 21 Gram‐Positive Microorganisms 21 Gram‐Negative Microorganisms 26 Zoonotic Microorganisms 29 Anaerobic Microorganisms 34 Mycobacteria 35 Other Microorganisms 38 Key Points 40 References 40 Chapter 4 Identification of Pathogens in Bone and Joint Infections by Non‐Culture Techniques 51 Maria Eugenia Portillo and Stephane Corvec Introduction 51 Broad‐Range PCR 51 Targeted PCR 53 Multiplex PCR 54 Next‐Generation Sequencing Approach 55 Mass Spectrometry‐Based Methods 58 Key Points 61 References 61 Chapter 5 Bacteriophages for Treatment of Biofilm Infections 65 Mercedes Gonzalez‐Moreno, Paula Morovic, Tamta Tkhilaishvili, and Andrej Trampuz History of Bacteriophage Use in Human Infections 65 Principles of Bacteriophage Therapy 66 Activity of Bacteriophages against Bacterial Biofilms and Persisters 69 Bacteriophage Susceptibility Testing: the Phagogram 71 Experimental and Clinical Evidence with Bacteriophage Treatment 72 Local Delivery and Systemic Bacteriophage Application 74 Outlook and Future Perspectives 76 Key Points 77 References 78 Chapter 6 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics in Bone 81 Cornelia B. Landersdorfer, Jurgen B. Bulitta, Roger L. Nation, and Fritz Sorgel Pharmacokinetics 81 Bone Sample Preparation and Analysis 82 Pharmacokinetic Sampling and Data Analysis 83 Penetration of Antibiotics into Bone 84 Pharmacodynamics and Monte Carlo Simulations 93 Conclusions 95 Key Points 96 References 96 Chapter 7 Preclinical Models of Infection in Bone and Joint Surgery 99 Caroline Constant, Lorenzo Calabro, Willem‐Jan Metsemakers, R. Geoff Richards, and T. Fintan Moriarty Introduction 99 Influence of Species in Preclinical Models of Bone and Joint Infection 100 Overview of Animal Models 103 Direct Inoculation with Minimal Trauma 103 Animal Models of Bone and Joint Infection Incorporating Trauma 108 Hematogenous Models 108 Future Directions 109 Conclusions 110 Key Points 110 References 110 Chapter 8 Native Joint Arthritis in Children 117 Pablo Yagupsky Introduction 117 Epidemiology 117 Microbiology 118 Pathogenesis 122 Clinical Presentation 123 Laboratory Investigation 125 Imaging Studies 127 Differential Diagnosis 128 Treatment 128 Prognosis 133 Key Points 134 References 134 Chapter 9 Native Joint Arthritis in Adults 139 Florian B. Imhoff, David E. Bauer, and Ilker Uckay Introduction 139 Risk Factors 139 Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Microbiology 140 Diagnosis 141 Treatment 144 Outcome 147 Key Points 148 Acknowledgments 148 References 148 Chapter 10 Septic Arthritis of Axial Joints 151 Werner Zimmerli Septic Arthritis of the Sternoclavicular Joint 151 Key Points 157 Septic Arthritis of the Symphysis Pubis 157 Key Points 161 Septic Arthritis of the Sacroiliac Joint 161 Key Points 165 References 165 Chapter 11 Periprosthetic Joint Infection: General Aspects 171 Werner Zimmerli Introduction 171 Definition 172 Classification 172 Pathogenesis 172 Laboratory Investigation 176 Therapeutic Management 178 Prophylaxis 179 Errors in the Management of PJI 180 Key Points 180 References 181 Chapter 12 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty 187 Werner Zimmerli, Rihard Trebse, and Martin Clauss Introduction 187 Risk Factors 188 Microbiology 188 Clinical Features 189 Laboratory Investigation 190 Imaging Procedures 191 Management 192 Instructive Cases 202 References 206 Chapter 13 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Shoulder Arthroplasty 213 Parham Sendi, Andreas Marc Muller, Beat K. Moor, and Matthias A. Zumstein Introduction 213 Risk Factors 213 Microbiology 215 Pathogenesis 216 Clinical Features 217 Laboratory Investigation 218 Imaging Procedures 220 Management 220 Instructive Cases 224 References 226 Chapter 14 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Elbow Arthroplasty 231 Yvonne Achermann, Michael C. Glanzmann, and Christoph Spormann Introduction 231 Microbiology 232 Clinical Features 232 Diagnostic Procedures 234 Management 237 Instructive Cases 242 References 245 Chapter 15 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Ankle Arthroplasty 251 Parham Sendi, Bernhard Kessler, and Markus Knupp Introduction 251 Risk Factors 252 Microbiology 254 Clinical Features 254 Laboratory Investigation 255 Imaging Procedures 256 Management 257 Instructive Cases 260 References 262 Chapter 16 Osteomyelitis: Classification 265 Werner Zimmerli Classification According to Pathogenesis 265 Classification According to the Duration of Infection 267 Classification According to the Localization 268 Classification According to the Presence of an Implant 269 Classification According to Anatomy and Comorbidity 269 References 270 Chapter 17 Osteomyelitis in Children 273 Alexander Aarvold, Priya Sukhtankar, and Saul N. Faust Introduction 273 Epidemiology 273 Pathophysiology 274 Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Microbiology 275 Treatment 282 Complications 284 Key Points 285 References 286 Chapter 18 Acute Osteomyelitis in Adults 289 Werner Zimmerli Introduction 289 Pathogenesis 289 Epidemiology 290 Microbiology 291 Risk Factors 293 Clinical Features 295 Laboratory Investigation 296 Imaging Procedures 298 Clinical and Imaging Differential Diagnosis 300 Treatment 301 Key Points 304 References 304 Chapter 19 Subacute Osteomyelitis: Tuberculous and Brucellar Vertebral Osteomyelitis 309 Juan D. Colmenero and Pilar Morata Introduction 309 Epidemiology 309 Clinical Features 310 Laboratory Investigation 312 Imaging Procedures 315 Antimicrobial and Surgical Therapy 318 Key Points 321 References 321 Chapter 20 Chronic Osteomyelitis in Adults 325 Felix W.A. Waibel, Benedikt Jochum, and Ilker Uckay Introduction 325 Pathogenesis 326 Diagnosis 326 Treatment 328 Key Points 333 Acknowledgments 333 References 333 Chapter 21 Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis 337 Eric Senneville and Olivier Robineau Introduction 337 Classification 337 Microbiology 339 Risk Factors 341 Clinical Features 342 Inflammatory Parameters 342 Imaging Procedures 343 Treatment 344 Prevention 347 References 348 Chapter 22 Osteomyelitis of the Jaws 353 Werner Zimmerli Introduction 353 Classification 353 Microbiology 355 Risk Factors 356 Clinical Features 356 Laboratory Investigation 359 Imaging Procedures 360 Management 361 Key Points 363 References 364 Chapter 23 Fracture‐Related Infection of the Long Bones 367 Parham Sendi, Mario Morgenstern, Willem‐Jan Metsemakers, and Martin McNally Introduction 367 Classification and Risk Factors 368 Microbiology 370 Clinical Features 371 Laboratory Investigation 372 Imaging Procedures 373 Management 373 Instructive Cases 380 References 383 Chapter 24 Implant‐Associated Vertebral Osteomyelitis 387 Todd J. Kowalski and Arick P. Sabin Introduction 387 Classification and Risk Factors 388 Microbiology 389 Clinical Features 393 Diagnostic Procedures 393 Treatment 395 Instructive Cases 402 References 404 Chapter 25 Postoperative Sternal Osteomyelitis 409 Parham Sendi, Mihai Constantinescu, and Lars Englberger Introduction 409 Risk Factors 410 Microbiology 414 Clinical Features 414 Laboratory Investigation 415 Imaging Procedures 417 Management 417 Instructive Cases 422 References 425 Index 429