Bioethics

Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 Part I Abortion 9 Introduction 11 1 Abortion and Infanticide 15 Michael Tooley 2 A Defense of Abortion 31 Judith Jarvis Thomson 3 The Wrong of Abortion 42 Patrick Lee and Robert P. George 4 Why Abortion is Immoral 54 Don Marquis Part II Issues in Reproduction 67 Introduction 69 Assisted Reproduction 73 5 The McCaughey Septuplets: God's Will or Human Choice? 75 Gregory Pence 6 The Meaning of Synthetic Gametes for Gay and Lesbian People and Bioethics Too 78 Timothy F. Murphy 7 Rights, Interests, and Possible People 85 Derek Parfit Prenatal Screening, Sex Selection, and Cloning 91 8 Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral? 93 Laura M. Purdy 9 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis 101 The Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine 10 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Diagnosis: A Response to the Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine 107 Julian Savulescu and Edgar Dahl 11 Why We Should Not Permit Embryos to Be Selected as Tissue Donors 110 David King 12 The Moral Status of Human Cloning: Neo-Lockean Persons versus Human Embryos 115 Michael Tooley Part III Genetic Manipulation 133 Introduction 135 13 Questions about Some Uses of Genetic Engineering 139 Jonathan Glover 14 The Moral Significance of the Therapy-Enhancement Distinction in Human Genetics 151 David B. Resnik 15 In Defense of Posthuman Dignity 162 Nick Bostrom 16 Statement on NIH Funding of Research Using Gene-Editing Technologies in Human Embryos 170 Francis S. Collins 17 Genome Editing and Assisted Reproduction: Curing Embryos, Society or Prospective Parents? 172 Giulia Cavaliere 18 Who's Afraid of the Big Bad (Germline Editing) Wolf? 185 R. Alta Charo 19 An Ethical Pathway for Gene Editing 191 Julian Savulescu and Peter Singer Part IV Life and Death Issues 195 Introduction 197 20 The Sanctity of Life 207 Jonathan Glover 21 Declaration on Euthanasia 218 Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Killing and Letting Die 223 22 Active and Passive Euthanasia 225 James Rachels 23 The Morality of Killing: A Traditional View 230 Germain Grisez and Joseph M. Boyle, Jr. 24 Is Killing No Worse Than Letting Die? 235 Winston Nesbitt 25 Why Killing is Not Always Worse - and Sometimes Better - Than Letting Die 240 Helga Kuhse 26 Moral Fictions and Medical Ethics 244 Franklin G. Miller, Robert D. Truog, and Dan W. Brock Newborns 255 27 Can a Physician Ever Justifiably Euthanize a Severely Disabled Newborn? 257 Robert M. Sade 28 No to Infant Euthanasia 259 Gilbert Meilaender 29 Physicians Can Justifiably Euthanize Certain Severely Impaired Neonates 262 Udo Schuklenk 30 You Should Not Have Let Your Baby Die 266 Gary Comstock 31 After-Birth Abortion: Why Should the Baby Live? 269 Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva 32 Does a Human Being Gain the Right to Live after He or She is Born? 275 Christopher Kaczor 33 Hard Lessons: Learning from the Charlie Gard Case 280 Dominic Wilkinson and Julian Savulescu Brain Death 289 34 A Definition of Irreversible Coma 291 Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death 35 The Challenge of Brain Death for the Sanctity of Life Ethic 296 Peter Singer 36 The Philosophical Debate 308 The President's Council on Bioethics 37 An Alternative to Brain Death 318 Jeff McMahan Advance Directives 323 38 Life Past Reason 325 Ronald Dworkin 39 Dworkin on Dementia: Elegant Theory, Questionable Policy 333 Rebecca Dresser Voluntary Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide 343 40 The Note 345 Chris Hill 41 When Self-Determination Runs Amok 350 Daniel Callahan 42 When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok 356 John Lachs 43 Physician-Assisted Death and Severe, Treatment-Resistant Depression 361 Bonnie Steinbock 44 Are Concerns about Irremediableness, Vulnerability, or Competence Sufficient to Justify Excluding All Psychiatric Patients from Medical Aid in Dying? 378 William Rooney, Udo Schuklenk, and Suzanne van de Vathorst Part V Resource Allocation 393 Introduction 395 45 In a Pandemic, Should We Save Younger Lives? 399 Peter Singer and Lucy Winkett 46 The Value of Life 403 John Harris 47 Bubbles under the Wallpaper: Healthcare Rationing and Discrimination 413 Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord 48 Rescuing Lives: Can't We Count? 420 Paul T. Menzel 49 Should Alcoholics Compete Equally for Liver Transplantation? 423 Alvin H. Moss and Mark Siegler Part VI Obtaining Organs 431 Introduction 433 50 Organ Donation and Retrieval: Whose Body is it Anyway? 435 Eike-Henner W. Kluge 51 The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales 439 Janet Radcliffe-Richards, A. S. Daar, R. D. Guttmann, R. Hoffenberg, I. Kennedy, M. Lock, R. A. Sells and N. Tilney and for the International Forum Transplant Ethics 52 Ethical Issues in the Supply and Demand of Kidneys 443 Debra Satz 53 The Survival Lottery 456 John Harris Part VII Ethical Issues in Research 463 Introduction 465 Experimentation with Humans 473 54 Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research 475 National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research 55 Scientific Research is a Moral Duty 483 John Harris 56 Participation in Biomedical Research is an Imperfect Moral Duty: A Response to John Harris 495 Sandra Shapshay and Kenneth D. Pimple 57 Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries 501 Peter Lurie and Sidney M. Wolfe 58 We're Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them 507 Danstan Bagenda and Philippa Musoke-Mudido 59 Pandemic Ethics: The Case for Risky Research 510 Peter Singer and Richard Yetter Chappell Experimentation with Animals 515 60 Duties towards Animals 517 Immanuel Kant 61 A Utilitarian View 519 Jeremy Bentham 62 The Harmful, Nontherapeutic Use of Animals in Research is Morally Wrong 521 Nathan Nobis 63 The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research 535 Dario L. Ringach 64 Ethical Issues When Modelling Brain Disorders in Non-Human Primates 550 Carolyn P. Neuhaus Academic Freedom and Research 559 65 On Liberty 561 John Stuart Mill 66 Should Some Knowledge Be Forbidden?: The Case of Cognitive Differences Research 566 Janet A. Kourany 67 Academic Freedom and Race: You Ought Not to Believe What You Think May Be True 575 James R. Flynn Part VIII Public Health Issues 585 Introduction 587 68 Ethics and Infectious Disease 591 Michael J. Selgelid 69 XDR-TB in South Africa: No Time for Denial or Complacency 602 Jerome Amir Singh, Ross Upshur, and Nesri Padayatchi 70 Clinical Ethics During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Missing the Trees for the Forest 612 Vijayaprasad Gopichandran 71 The Moral Obligation to be Vaccinated: Utilitarianism, Contractualism, and Collective Easy Rescue 620 Alberto Giubilini, Thomas Douglas, and Julian Savulescu 72 Taking Responsibility for Responsibility 638 Neil Levy Part IX Ethical Issues in the Practice of Healthcare 651 Introduction 653 When do Doctors have a Duty to Treat? 659 73 What Healthcare Professionals Owe Us: Why Their Duty to Treat During a Pandemic is Contingent on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 661 Udo Schuklenk 74 Conscientious Objection in Health Care 667 Mark R. Wicclair 75 Conscientious Objection in Medicine: Accommodation versus Professionalism and the Public Good 682 Udo Schuklenk Confidentiality 693 76 Confidentiality in Medicine: A Decrepit Concept 695 Mark Siegler 77 A Defense of Unqualified Medical Confidentiality 699 Kenneth Kipnis Truth-Telling 713 78 On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives 715 Immanuel Kant 79 Should Doctors Tell the Truth? 717 Joseph Collins 80 On Telling Patients the Truth 724 Roger Higgs Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy 731 81 On Liberty 733 John Stuart Mill 82 From Schloendorff v. NewYork Hospital 736 Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo 83 Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges 737 Tom L. Beauchamp 84 The Doctor-Patient Relationship in Different Cultures 745 Ruth Macklin 85 Transgender Children and the Right to Transition: Medical Ethics When Parents Mean Well But Cause Harm 758 Maura Priest 86 Amputees by Choice 777 Carl Elliott 87 Rational Desires and the Limitation of Life-Sustaining Treatment 788 Julian Savulescu Part X Disability 807 Introduction 809 88 Valuing Disability, Causing Disability 811 Elizabeth Barnes 89 Is Disability Mere Difference? 829 Greg Bognar 90 Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion: A Challenge to Practice and Policy 835 Adrienne Asch 91 Down Syndrome Screening Isn't about Public Health: It's about Eliminating a Group of People 851 Renate Lindeman 92 I Would've Aborted a Fetus with Down Syndrome: Women Need that Right 854 Ruth Marcus Part XI Neuroethics 857 Introduction 859 93 Neuroethics: Ethics and the Sciences of the Mind 861 Neil Levy 94 Engineering Love 867 Julian Savulescu and Anders Sandberg 95 Unrequited Love Hurts: Should Doctors Treat Broken Hearts? 870 Francesca Minerva 96 Stimulating Brains, Altering Minds 876 Walter Glannon 97 Authenticity or Autonomy? When Deep Brain Stimulation Causes a Dilemma 883 Felicitas Kraemer 98 On the Necessity of Ethical Guidelines for Novel Neurotechnologies 889 Sara Goering and Rafael Yuste Index 895