Using Sources Effectively

Preface to the Sixth Edition Chapter 1: The Importance of Using Sources Effectively 1.1 Why Learn to Write Well? Writing is a Thinking Process Writing is a Learning Process Writing Develops Lifelong Skills 1.2 Why Learn Research-Based Writing Research Writing Allows You to Contribute to the Great Conversation 1.3 Why Use Sources in Papers? Provide context Strengthen argument Interest New ideas Current research Controversies Exposure to the development of a valid argument 1.4 Why Use Sources Effectively Instill trust Aid persuasion Demonstrates engagement 1.5 Why Cite Them All? Help reader Knowledge workers respected Avoids plagiarism 1.6 Are Sources the Whole Idea? Your thinking is the star. Sources need something to support. Sources need interpreting Grand Conversation Chapter 2: Finding, Choosing, and Evaluating Sources 2.1 Understand the assignment Purpose of the paper Specific requirements Audience 2.2 Select the kinds of sources you need Choose the kind of information you need Choose sources of appropriate scholarship Choose appropriate primary and secondary sources Avoid choosing a source only because you agree with it Avoid quoting standard dictionaries 2.3Search strategies Consider the variety of sources (Add Table 2.2 to Table 2.1) Keep track of your searches Evaluate sources online Phrase the search terms effectively Go beyond the Internet 2.4Using and abusing internet sources Search for reliable sites Look deeply into the results Understand the context of individual pages Follow the links Use the invisible Web 2.5Evaluating sources Expertise Accuracy Reliability Chapter 3: Preparing Your Sources 3.1Collecting sources Save your sources Get the full, exact bibliographic information the first time. Save the way back. 3.2 Keep sources organized a. Start a bibliography 3.3 Use close reading to understand your sources What is the purpose of the information? What is the level of objectivity? Analyze the argument Notice analogies and images Check word meanings for accuracy So what? What is each source saying? 3.4 Take careful notes Use labeling system Quote exactly Keep a quotation file Keep copies of each source with your notes 3.5 Positioning your sources Purpose or comment indicators Relationships of sources 3.6 Protect yourself against a false charge of plagiarism Chapter 4: Quoting Effectively 4.1 Quoting use and abuse Cautions about quoting Avoid the fallacy of vicious abstraction 4.2Introductory strategies Introduce your sources Use a colon to introduce sentences Use an introductory phrase Appropriate tense Use both set-off and built-in quotations 4.3 Quoting Strategies Interrupt quotations Omitting words Quote phrases 4.3 Punctuating quotations General conventions American punctuation British spelling and grammar Ellipsis Square brackets Chapter 5: Paraphrasing and Summarizing 5.1Paraphrasing What is a paraphrase? Why and when to paraphrase How to paraphrase Cautions about Paraphrasing 5.2 Summarizing What is a summary? Why and when to summarize? How to summarize Cautions about paraphrasing 5.3Deciding whether to quote, paraphrase, or summarize 5.4Beware of Thesaurusitis . Chapter 6: Avoiding Plagiarism 6.1What is plagiarism? Intentional plagiarism Unintentional plagiarism The fine print Self-recycling AI or chatGPT 6.2 Why you should avoid intentional plagiarism Harms character Golden rule Intentional plagiarizers cheat themselves Never know when will get caught 6.3Guidelines for Citation What needs to be cited Citing yourself Common knowledge Nothing but citations? 6.3 Myths and facts about citing The world wide web myth The fair use myth The encyclopedia myth The paraphrased paper myth The friend’s permission myth The named source myth The converted words myth The tiny theft myth The background information myth Chapter 7: Putting It Together 7.1The simple rule: Mark the boundaries Mark the boundaries of short quotations Mark the boundaries of long quotations Marking the boundaries of an unquoted source 7.2 Marking the boundaries in problem cases Second boundary marker Marking the boundaries for non-text information Chapter 8: Effective Use 8.1 Introduce the source thoroughly Establish credibility of the source Provide needed background or context Recommend the source 8.2 Discuss or apply the source The purpose of a source is not always self-evident Use interpretive lead-in to explain the source Be reasonable about the effect of the source Provide an example to clarify the source’s point 8.3 Blend in your sources Work your sources into the discussion Combine quoting with summarizing One long, many short for persuasion 8.4 Avoid ineffective use Beware of long quotations Avoid overusing one source Begin and end each paragraph with your own words Be sure citations match the references 8.5 Working with sources that disagree or conflict Identify the source of disagreement Criticizing opposing sources Avoid criticizing a source unfairly Chapter 9: Editing for Accuracy 9.1 Why cleanup is crucial 9.2Check your spelling 9.3Watch your grammar Comma splice Fused sentences Sentence fragments 9.4Watch your pronouns Pronoun agreement Pronoun reference Indefinite pronouns Avoid the ambiguous you 9.5 Check for Common Errors Possessives Subject-verb agreement Dangling modifier Misplaced modifier Word misuse Affect and effect Informality Chapter 10: Jump-Starting Your Writing 10.1Synthesis writing Definition of synthesis writing Tapestry versus quilt writing 10.2 Steering wheels Parataxis and hypotaxis Transitions Transitions of logic Transitions of focus Transitions of Thought Keyword repetition Synonyms Pronouns and possessive pronouns Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives 10.3Using flow patters Patterns with because Conditional patterns (if-then) Concession patterns 10.4Using patterns with sources Use scholarly phrasing The source supports your position You agree with the source The source disagrees with your position You rebut a source that opposes your view You respond to a source that presents an incontrovertible objection The source implies something without stating it The source makes an unstated assumption Introducing common knowledge Introducing conflicting views