The Telecommunications Handbook

Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxvii Abbreviations xxix List of Contributors xlv 1 Introduction 1 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 1.1 General 1 1.2 Short History of Telecommunications 2 1.3 The Telecommunications Scene 5 1.4 The Focus of the Book 15 1.5 Instructions for Reading the Book Contents 16 References 20 2 Standardization and Regulation 23 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Standardization Bodies 23 2.3 Industry Forums 38 2.4 Other Entities 44 2.5 Frequency Regulation 45 2.6 National Regulators 46 2.7 Guideline for Finding and Interpreting Standards 47 References 47 3 Telecommunications Principles 49 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Terminology and Planning Principles 49 3.3 Evolution 58 3.4 Spectrum Allocations 64 3.5 Physical Aspects 64 References 71 4 Protocols 73 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 OSI 74 4.3 Fixed Networks 82 4.4 Mobile Networks 89 4.5 Data Networks 90 4.6 Error Recovery 93 4.7 LAP Protocol Family 96 4.8 Cross-Layer Protocol Principles 98 References 99 5 Connectivity and Payment 101 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 5.1 Connectivity 101 5.2 Definitions 101 5.3 IP Connectivity 102 5.4 Wired Connectivity 105 5.5 Radio Connectivity in the Near Field 114 5.6 NFC and Secure Payment 115 5.7 Secure Payment 120 5.8 Bluetooth 125 5.9 Hearing Aid Compatibility 129 5.10 Other Connectivity Technologies 131 References 132 6 Fixed Telecommunications Networks 135 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Network Topologies 135 6.3 Redundancy 138 6.4 Telephone Network 139 6.5 User Devices 140 6.6 Plain Old Public Telephone System (POTS) 145 6.7 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 149 6.8 Intelligent Network (IN) 153 6.9 SIP 155 6.10 Telephony Solutions for Companies 159 6.11 Transport 161 6.12 Cloud Computing 161 References 163 7 Data Networks 165 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen, Tero Jalkanen and Ilkka Keisala 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 IPv4 165 7.3 IPv6 169 7.4 Routing 172 7.5 ATM 174 7.6 Frame Relay 176 7.7 LAN and MAN 177 7.8 Wi-Fi 189 7.9 Inter-Operator Networks 202 References 204 8 Telecommunications Network Services and Applications 207 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Voice 207 8.3 Messaging 208 8.4 Audio and Video 210 8.5 Health Care 212 8.6 Education 212 8.7 CSTA 213 8.8 Advanced Telecommunications Functionalities 214 8.9 Business Exchange 218 8.10 Public IP Network Develops to NGN 218 8.11 Voice Service Access Points 222 8.12 Mobile Services 224 References 236 9 Transmission Networks 237 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen and Juha Kallio 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Physical Transmission Systems 237 9.3 Coding Techniques 238 9.4 PCM 241 9.5 Coding Techniques 243 9.6 PDH 245 9.7 SDH 245 9.8 WDM 246 9.9 Carrier Ethernet Transport 247 9.10 IP Multimedia Subsystem 250 9.11 Case Example: LTE Transport 257 9.12 Cloud Computing and Transport 257 References 259 10 Modulation and Demodulation 261 Patrick Marsch and Jyrki Penttinen 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 General 261 10.3 Analog Modulation Methods 262 10.4 Digital Modulation and Demodulation 264 References 280 11 3GPP Mobile Communications: GSM 281 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 11.1 Introduction 281 11.2 Development of GSM 281 11.3 Specification of GSM 285 11.4 Architecture of GSM 286 11.5 Functionality of GSM 294 11.6 Numbering of GSM 303 11.7 GSM Data 308 11.8 Dual Half Rate 317 11.9 DFCA 341 11.10 EDGE 349 11.11 DLDC 354 11.12 EDGE2 366 References 367 12 3GPP Mobile Communications: WCDMA and HSPA 371 Patrick Marsch, Michat Maternia, Michal Panek, Ali Yaver, Ryszard Dokuczat and Rybakowski Marcin 12.1 Network Architecture 371 12.2 Physical Layer Aspects 376 12.3 Radio Interface Procedures 387 12.4 WCDMA/HSPA Evolution since Release 5 402 12.5 Planning and Dimensioning of WCDMA/HSPA Networks 410 References 415 13 3GPP Mobile Communications: LTE/SAE and LTE-A 417 Jacek Góra, Krystian Safjan, Jarostaw Lachowski, Agnieszka Szufarska, Stanistaw Strzyÿz,Szymon Stefánski, Damian Kolmas, Jyrki T. J. Penttinen, Francesco D. Calabrese,Guillaume Monghal, Mohammad Anas, Luis Maestro, Juha Kallio and Olli Ramula 13.1 Introduction 417 13.2 Architecture 418 13.3 Elements 419 13.4 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network 422 13.5 Interfaces 428 13.6 Protocol Stacks 430 13.7 Layer 2 Structure 434 13.8 LTE Radio Network 435 13.9 LTE Spectrum 436 13.10 Physical Layer 438 13.11 SC-FDM and SC-FDMA 448 13.12 Frame Structure and Physical Channels 449 13.13 Physical Layer Procedures 453 13.14 User Mobility 455 13.15 Radio Resource Management Procedures 457 13.16 Link Adaptation 458 13.17 ICIC 459 13.18 Reporting 463 13.19 LTE Radio Resource Management 466 13.20 RRM Principles and Algorithms Common to UL and DL 467 13.21 Uplink RRM 477 13.22 Downlink RRM 482 13.23 Intra-LTE Handover 485 13.24 LTE Release 8/9 Features 487 13.25 LTE-Advanced Features (Rel. 10) 496 13.26 LTE Transport and Core Network 504 13.27 Transport Network 506 13.28 Core Network 509 13.29 Charging 510 References 513 14 Wireless LAN and Evolution 515 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 14.1 Introduction 515 14.2 WLAN Standards 515 14.3 IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) 515 14.4 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 524 14.5 Evolved IEEE 802.16 (4G) 529 14.6 Comparison of Wireless Technologies 534 References 536 15 Terrestrial Broadcast Networks 537 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 15.1 Introduction 537 15.2 Analog Systems 537 15.3 Digital Radio 539 15.4 Digital Television 540 References 552 16 Satellite Systems: Communications 555 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 16.1 Introduction 555 16.2 Principles of Satellite Systems 556 16.3 Voice and Data Services 569 16.4 Broadcast Satellite Systems 571 16.5 Standardization 574 16.6 Commercial Satellite Systems 577 16.7 Radio Link Budget 595 References 601 17 Satellite Systems: Location Services and Telemetry 603 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 17.1 General 603 17.2 GPS 604 17.3 GALILEO 608 17.4 Positioning Systems: Other Initiatives 614 17.5 Space Research 616 17.6 Weather and Meteorological Satellites 616 17.7 Military Systems 617 References 619 18 Other and Special Networks 621 Pertti Virtanen and Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 18.1 IS-95 621 18.2 CDMA2000 624 18.3 TETRA 625 References 640 19 Security Aspects of Telecommunications: 3GPP Mobile Networks 641 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 19.1 Introduction 641 19.2 Basic Principles of Protection 641 19.3 GSM Security 642 19.4 UMTS Security 647 19.5 LTE Security 649 19.6 LTE/SAE Service Security: Case Example 659 19.7 Authentication and Authorization 663 19.8 Customer Data Safety 665 19.9 Lawful Interception 665 References 668 20 Planning of 2G Networks 669 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 20.1 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 669 20.2 Capacity Planning 672 20.3 Coverage Planning 675 20.4 Frequency Planning 679 20.5 Parameter Planning 681 20.6 Network Measurements 683 20.7 Effects of Data Services on GSM Planning 684 20.8 Other Planning Considerations 714 20.9 GSM/GPRS Measurement and Simulation Techniques 722 20.10 Simulations 729 References 741 21 Planning of Advanced 3G Networks 743 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 21.1 Introduction 743 21.2 Radio Network Planning Process 743 21.3 Nominal Network Planning 746 21.4 Capacity Planning 749 21.5 Coverage Planning 750 21.6 Self-Optimizing Network 757 21.7 Parameter Planning 759 References 776 22 Planning of Mobile TV Networks 777 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 22.1 Introduction 777 22.2 High-Level Network Dimensioning Process 777 22.3 Detailed Radio Network Design 795 22.4 Radiation Limitations 818 22.5 Cost Prediction and Optimization 819 References 830 23 Planning of Core Networks 835 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen and Jukka Hongisto 23.1 Introduction 835 23.2 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 835 23.3 Planning of the Networks 836 23.4 Capacity Planning 838 23.5 Network Evolution from 2G/3G PS Core to EPC 840 23.6 Entering Commercial Phase: Support for Multimode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with Pre-Release 8 SGSN 841 23.7 SGSN/MME Evolution 845 23.8 Case Example: Commercial SGSN/MME Offering 846 23.9 Mobile Gateway Evolution 847 23.10 Case Example: Commercial GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Offering 847 23.11 EPC Network Deployment and Topology Considerations 848 23.12 LTE Access Dimensioning 850 Reference 851 24 EMF – Radiation Safety and Health Aspects 853 Jouko Rautio and Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 24.1 Introduction 853 24.2 The EMF Question 856 24.3 The Scientific Principle and Process: The Precautionary Principle 856 24.4 The Expert Organizations and Regulation 858 24.5 Some Topics of the EMF Debate 860 24.6 SAR 864 24.7 The Safety Distance and Installation 866 24.8 Summing Up 869 24.9 High-Power Network Planning 870 References 880 25 Deployment and Transition of Telecommunication Systems 883 Michat Maternia 25.1 Introduction 883 25.2 Why to Deploy Wireless Systems 883 25.3 Transition of Telecommunication Systems 885 25.4 Network Deployments 886 25.5 Spectrum Considerations for Network Transition 900 25.6 Terminals Support for the Network Transition 904 25.7 Evolution of Macro Sites and Deployment of Small Cells 906 25.8 Beyond 4G Systems: 5G 910 25.9 Challenges and Possibilities 911 References 913 26 Wireless Network Measurements 915 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 26.1 Introduction 915 26.2 Principles of Radio Interface Measurements 915 26.3 GSM/GPRS 915 26.4 LTE 921 26.5 LTE Field Measurements 928 References 934 Index 935