Peter M. Ginter Ph.D., is University Professor and Professor of Health Policy and Organization in the School of Public Health at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. W. Jack Duncan Ph.D., is Professor and University Scholar Emeritus in the Collat School of Business and School of Public Health at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Linda E. Swayne is Professor of Marketing Emerita, Belk College of Business, The University of North Carolina Charlotte.