The Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin

FIGURES INTRODUCTION Kenneth S. Norris CHAPTER 1 THE SPINNER DOLPHIN  Kenneth S. Norris, Bernd Wiirsig, and Randall S. Wells WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION  HISTORY OF SPINNER DOLPHIN STUDY  ENVIRONMENT OF THE SPINNER DOLPHIN IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC  OCEANIC FAUNAL RADIATION  ADAPTATION TO LOCAL RESOURCES  VARIATION  ECOTYPES  POPULATION PATTERNS  LOCAL OCEANOGRAPHY  PATTERN  PHYSICAL VARIATION  BEHAVIORAL STUDIES  CHAPTER 2 THE ISLAND HABITAT  Randall S. Wells and Kenneth S. Norris THE ISLAND OF HAWAII  OCEANOGRAPHIC CORRELATES  STRUCTURAL HYDROGRAPHY OF KEALAKE'AKUA BAY  BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY AND DOLPHIN ABUNDANCE  AERIAL SURVEYS: LOCAL AND SEASONAL PATTERNS  SIGHTING EFFICIENCY  IS THERE AN ISLAND OF HAWAII SPINNER POPULATION?  Circumisland Movements  Rest Coves  The Spinner Population: Open or Closed?  CHAPTER 3 OBSERVING DOLPHINS UNDERWATER  Kenneth S. Norris and Randall S. Wells METHODS OF OBSERVING DOLPHINS  UNDERWATER VIEWING VEHICLES  APPROACHING DOLPHINS  LISTENING  THE MOBILE OBSERVATION CHAMBER  THE MAKA ALA  THE SMYG TITTAR'N  CHAPTER 4 A SPINNER DOLPHIN'S DAY  Bernd Wursig, Randall S. Wells, Kenneth S. Norris, and Melany Wursig METHODS OF OBSERVATION  AN OUTLINE OF THE DAILY CYCLE  BAY RESIDENCE PATTERNS  DESCENT INTO REST  REST  AWAKENING  ZIG-ZAG SWIMMING  SPREAD FORMATION  NIGHTTIME PATTERNS  THE QUESTION OF SCHOOL FLUIDITY  CHAPTER 5 AERIAL BEHAVIOR  Kenneth S. Norris, Bernd Wursig, and Randall S. Wells CATEGORIES OF AERIAL BEHAVIOR  NOSE-OUTS AND FLUKE-OUTS  Nose-Outs  Fluke-Outs  SLAPS  Tail Slaps  Head Slaps and Back Slaps  LEAPS  Arcuate Leaps  Salmon Leaps  Tail-Over-Head Leaps  SPINS  PATTERNS OF OCCURRENCE  FUNCTIONS OF AERIAL PATTERNS  Remora Dislodgement  Sound and Bubble Production  OTHER CORRELATES OF AERIAL BEHAVIOR  CONCLUSIONS  CHAPTER 6 POPULATION STRUCTURE  Bernd Wiirsig, Randall S. Wells, Melany Wiirsig, and Kenneth S. Norris SCARS AND MARKS ANALYSIS  OCCUPANCY OF REST COVES  INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION  ISLAND USE PATTERNS  ASSOCIATIONS  MOVEMENTS  ACCESSION RATE  POPULATION PATTERNS AND SEGREGATION  A POPULATION MODEL  COMPARISONS TO OTHER POPULATIONS  ABUNDANCE PERSPECTIVES CHAPTER 7 THE VISUAL DOMAIN Kenneth S. Norris, Randall S. Wells, and Christine M. Johnson DIURNAL LIGHT CYCLE  LIGHT SCATTERING  FLICKER  EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON SKIN  REFRACTION  THE DOLPHIN VISUAL SYSTEM  VISUAL PIGMENTS  VISUAL SIGNS, SIGNALS, AND VISUAL FIELDS  Visual Fields  Whole-Body Signals  The Pectoral Fin and Associated Patterns  Other Body Patterns  The Rostrum  Locomotory Signs  Sexual Pattern  CHAPTER 8 THE ACOUSTIC DOMAIN  Shannon M. Bnrwnlee and Kenneth S. Norris THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT Source Levels and Beam Characteristics Distortion of the Sound Path, Transmission Losses, and Bubble Eflects  Target Strength  Ocean Noise  Detection Thresholds  SOUND EMISSION PATTERNS  Data Gathering  Classes of Sounds  Sounds and Behavior  INTERPRETATIONS OF ACOUSTIC SIGNALS  Whistles: The Phatic System  Classification of Message Types  Signature Whistles  Social Facilitation  Burst-Pulse Signals  CHAPTER 9 PATTERNS OF REPRODUCTION  Randall S. Wells and Kenneth S. Norris PATTERNS OF CETACEAN REPRODUCTION  Gestation and Development  The Male Cycle  The Mating System  Mate Selection  The Female Cycle  Reproductive Seasonality  DETERMINANTS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS  HORMONAL AND BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF REPRODUCTION  HORMONAL CYCLES OF HAWAIIAN SPINNERS  The Male Spinner  The Female Spinner  Behavioral Correlates  CHAPTER 10 LOCOMOTION  Kenneth S. Norris and Christine M. Johnson CROSSOVER SPEED  PROPULSIVE PATTERN  AXIS OF LOCOMOTION  CHAPTER 11 BREATHING AT SEA  Kenneth S. Norris and Christine M. Johnson BREATHING WHILE SWIMMING  BREATH HOLDING  SEPARATING FOOD AND AIR  PHONATION  PRESSURE EFFECTS  LUNG COLLAPSE  BREATHING AT SEA  Exhalation  Inhalation  Locating a Breathing Place  CHAPTER 12 FOOD AND FEEDING  Bernd Wursig, Randall S. Wells, and Kenneth S. Norris MECHANICS OF FOOD CAPTURE AND HANDLING  The Cage Jaw  The Piston Tongue  Ingestion  OWNERSHIP OF PREY  DIET AND FEEDING DEPTH  RESOURCE PARTITIONING  THE TUNA-DOLPHIN BOND  THE FOOD OF HAWAIIAN SPINNER DOLPHINS  DIVING PATTERNS  CHAPTER 13 SCHOOLS AND SCHOOLING  Kenneth S. Norris and Christine M. Johnson FUNCTIONING OF SCHOOLS  SCHOOL FORMATIONS  Echelon Formation  Sensory Windows  SENSORY INTEGRATION SYSTEM  Sensory Summation  Sensory Involvement  SCHOOL PATTERNS  THE QUESTION OF SCHOOL LEADERSHIP  RELATIONSHIP OF VISION TO DOLPHIN SCHOOLING  SCHOOL TIGHTENING AND SCHOOLING DISTANCE  SCHOOL BEHAVIOR IN RELATION TO ATTACK  ANTICIPATION  CONFUSION  CHAPTER 14 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR  Christine M. Johnson and Kenneth S. Norris SCHOOL WARINESS AND HABITUATION  EPISODIC OR BOUT BEHAVIOR  Aerial Behavior Bouts  Caressing Bouts  Formation Swimming  Echolocation Bouts  DO DOLPHINS ECHOLOCATE ONE ANOTHER?  PARTNER SHARING AND EXCHANGE  MALE COALITIONS  MATING  BIRTH, NURTURE, AND JUVENILE GROUPS  CALF AND JUVENILE BEHAVIOR  PLAY  AGGRESSION AND DEFENSE  Open Mouth Contact  Threat Posture  Aggressive Encounters  Convergence Between Shark and Dolphin Behavior/Structure  USES OF INTENSE SOUND  CHAPTER 15 PREDATORS, PARASITES, AND MULTISPECIES AGGREGATIONS  Kenneth S. Norris PREDATION IN SHALLOW VERSUS OPEN SEAS  Predation in the Open Sea  Evidence from Hawaiian Spinners  MULTISPECIES AGGREGATIONS  DOLPHIN PREDATORS  THE COOKIE CUTTER SHARK  PARASITES  CHAPTER 16 COMPARATIVE VIEW OF CETACEAN SOCIAL ECOLOGY, CULTURE, AND EVOLUTION  Kenneth S. Norris INTRODUCTION  Defining Some Terms  Dolphin Variation  Rhythmic or Oscillatory Behavior  SELF-COMPENSATORY SYSTEMS  ARE SOCIOECOLOGIES EVOLUTIONARY ENTITIES?  THE ORIGIN OF CULTURES  COMPARISON OF MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS  ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF WARM WATER CETACEANS  SPINNER DOLPHIN SOCIETY  THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOCIETIES  ARTHROPOD SOCIETIES  TOWARD A MODEL FOR SOCIOECOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION  SYSTEMIC NATURE OF THE PHENOTYPE AND THE ORIGIN OF COOPERATION  DEFINING THE PHENOTYPE  The Extended Phenotype  THE SOCIOECOLOGY: AN EXAMPLE OF AN EPIGENETIC SYSTEM  OSCILLATION OF BEHAVIOR STATES  Genetic Control of Oscillation  The Coexistence of Organizational Levels  ADAPTIVE RADIATION  THE CULTURAL SYSTEM  CULTURAL ASPECTS OF SEXUAL ROLES  THE FITNESS OF CULTURES  Play and Juvenility  Adolescence in Primates and Dolphins  COST ACCOUNTING  THE EMERGING SYSTEMIC VIEW OF EVOLUTION  CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ABOUT SPINNER DOLPHINS  OVERVIEW  APPENDIX A: THOSE WHO HELPED  APPENDIX B: MATERIALS AND METHODS  LITERATURE CITED  INDEX