John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) was a pioneering British economist whose theories revolutionized modern macroeconomics and government economic policy. Best known as the founder of Keynesian economics, he argued that government intervention is essential to manage economic recessions and maintain employment. Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929) was an American economist and sociologist known for his skeptical, interdisciplinary approach to economic thought. A central figure in institutional economics, he shaped critiques of business and industry that questioned conventional wisdom about markets and consumer behavior. His works remain foundational for understanding the cultural and social dimensions of economic life.