The Criminal Case of Juana Aguilar: Adjudicating Gender in Colonial Central America

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Sylvia Sellers-García (Boston College)

The Criminal Case of Juana Aguilar

Adjudicating Gender in Colonial Central America

Sylvia Sellers-García (Boston College)

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Paperback

Forthcoming
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English

Pennsylvania State University Press
25 November 2025

History of the Americas; Gender studies, gender groups; Gay & Lesbian studies; Indigenous peoples

Series: Latin American Originals

In 1792 in rural San Salvador, Juana Aguilar was accused of committing what the authorities called a “heinous” crime. Aguilar was suspected of being a “hermaphrodite,” and while this in and of itself was not a crime, determining Aguilar’s sex would resolve whether the relationships Aguilar had with women were criminal. Aguilar’s possessions were confiscated, the accused was placed in jail, and a long criminal case ensued. Over the course of this case, almost a dozen medical experts examined Aguilar’s person, and Aguilar escaped imprisonment twice before finally being apprehended in distant Guatemala City. In an age when medicine and science were gaining ever more authority in the process of construing identity, the legal authorities of colonial Central America relied heavily on doctors and midwives to determine what Aguilar “really was.”

For decades, Aguilar’s case fell out of view, and scholars believed the only extant source was the examination notes of a medical expert who testified for the court.

With this volume, the entire case—with testimony from the defendant, depositions and witness statements, inventories of Aguilar’s belongings, and new details about Aguilar’s intrepid escapes from prison—is made available in English. Sellers-García translates and contextualizes Aguilar’s account and brings to the forefront issues and problems that we wrestle with today: the policing of supposed sexual deviance, the reliance on medicine for the creation of identity categories, and the criminalization of gender difference.

While Aguilar’s experience was unique, it reveals broad and surprising truths about how the institutions of colonial Central America confronted difference. The volume offers readers an opportunity to engage with rare primary sources and will be especially valuable to students of gender and sexuality studies, the history of medicine, legal history, and the history of Latin America.

By: Sylvia Sellers-García (Boston College)
Imprint: Pennsylvania State University Press
Country of Publication: United States
Dimensions: Height: 216mm, Width: 140mm, Spine: 8mm
Weight: 159g
ISBN: 9780271100340
ISBN 10: 0271100346
Series: Latin American Originals
Pages: 118
Publication Date: 25 November 2025
Audience: College/higher education , Further / Higher Education
Format: Paperback
Publisher's Status: Forthcoming

Sylvia Sellers-García is Professor of History and Director of the Lowell Humanities Series at Boston College. She is the author of The Woman on the Windowsill: A Tale of Mystery in Several Parts and Distance and Documents at the Spanish Empire’s Periphery and coeditor of Imagining Histories of Colonial Latin America: Synoptic Methods and Practices.

Reviews for The Criminal Case of Juana Aguilar: Adjudicating Gender in Colonial Central America

“Beautifully written and engaging from the first line. Sellers-García uses a microhistorical method, thick description, and highly readable and fascinating court testimony to chart the multiple ways that colonial authorities (political, religious, medical) attempted to represent Aguilar and Aguilar’s body, which did not fit into Enlightenment-era binaries of male/female.” —Martha Few, coauthor of Baptism Through Incision: The Postmortem Cesarean Operation in the Spanish Empire