Containing 500 full color photographs and illustrations, The Bench Grafter’s Handbook: Principles and Practice presents exhaustive information on all aspects of bench grafting. It details requirements of more than 200 temperate woody plant genera, covering over 2,000 species and cultivars including important ornamental, temperate fruit, and nut crops. The book explains the principles and practices of bench grafting, new procedures to enhance grafting success, and recommendations for further scientific investigation.
Practical issues to aid professionals and the beginner, include detailed accounts, supported by pictures and diagrams, of the main grafting methods, knifesmanship techniques, and methods of training. Provision and design, now and for the future, of suitable structures, grafting facilities, and equipment, to provide ideal controlled environments for grafts, are described.
The book describes major grafting systems, sub-cold, cold, warm, supported warm, hot-pipe, and other grafting strategies. It provides details of health and safety issues; work stations, seat design, lighting levels; recorded output figures for various types of graft; grafting knives and tools; and methods of sharpening by hand and machine.
Features:
Comprehensive description, pictures, and diagrams of how to learn and utilize important grafting methods. Detailed information and scientific principles behind the selection, specification, and choice of the main graft components – the rootstock and scion.
Scientific principles and practicalities of providing optimal plant material, equipment, facilities and environmental conditions for graft union development including addressing the problems of graft incompatibility. Discussion of the actual and potential role of bench grafting in woody plant conservation with suggestions for new initiatives.
This book is intended for use by nurserymen; those involved in the upkeep of extensive plant collections; conservationists; plant scientists; lecturers in horticulture; horticultural students; and amateurs with an interest in grafting.
By:
Brian E. Humphrey
Imprint: CRC Press
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Dimensions:
Height: 254mm,
Width: 178mm,
Weight: 1.660kg
ISBN: 9781138046221
ISBN 10: 1138046221
Pages: 638
Publication Date: 27 June 2019
Audience:
College/higher education
,
Professional and scholarly
,
Primary
,
Undergraduate
Format: Paperback
Publisher's Status: Active
Contents Preface...........................................................................................................................................xxix Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................... xxxiii Author.........................................................................................................................................xxxvii Introduction..................................................................................................................................xxxix PART ONE Bench Grafting in Practice Chapter 1 Grafting in Nature and in the Hands of the Grafter......................................................3 Vascular Continuity.......................................................................................................3 Chapter 2 Grafting Strategies: Categorisation of Grafting Methods.............................................7 Grafting Strategies........................................................................................................7 Apical Grafting.........................................................................................................7 Side Grafting............................................................................................................7 Apical and Side Grafting Strategies Compared............................................................8 Speed........................................................................................................................8 Space Requirements.................................................................................................8 Growth and Survival................................................................................................8 Convenience.............................................................................................................8 Heading-Back: A Specific Requirement of Side Grafts...........................................9 Grafting: The Five Basic Methods.............................................................................. 11 Splice Grafts........................................................................................................... 11 Veneer Grafts.......................................................................................................... 12 Wedge Grafts.......................................................................................................... 12 Inlay Grafts............................................................................................................. 13 Rind Grafts............................................................................................................. 13 The Three Categories of Importance to Bench Grafters............................................ 14 Apical Veneer, Splice and Wedge Grafts Compared.................................................. 15 Machine and Tool-Made Grafts.................................................................................. 16 Chapter 3 Making the Graft......................................................................................................... 19 The Basics................................................................................................................... 19 Understanding Stem and Root Cambia.................................................................. 19 Importance of Good Knifesmanship...................................................................... 19 Preparation of Components Prior to Grafting................................................... 19 Holding the Knife – Support and Control......................................................... 19 Splice Grafts................................................................................................................ 21 Splice Grafting Methods........................................................................................ 21 Alternative Splice Grafting Method..................................................................24 Whip and Tongue Graft..........................................................................................27 Whip and Tongue Grafting Methods.................................................................27 Veneer Grafts..............................................................................................................28 Apical Veneer Grafts..............................................................................................29 Short Tongue Apical Veneer (Apical Veneer)....................................................29 Long Tongue Apical Veneer (Modified Apical Veneer)....................................29 Side Veneer Grafts..................................................................................................30 Short Tongue Side Veneer (Side Veneer)........................................................... 31 Long Tongue Side Veneer (Modified Side Veneer)........................................... 31 Side Sloping Veneer........................................................................................... 31 Veneer Grafting Methods....................................................................................... 33 Sequence of Cuts for Veneer Grafts.................................................................. 33 Cambial Alignment for Veneer Grafts..............................................................38 Wedge Grafts...............................................................................................................40 Apical Wedge Graft................................................................................................40 Rootstock Cuts for Wedge Grafts...................................................................... 41 Scion Cuts for Wedge Grafts............................................................................. 41 Cambial Alignment for Wedge Grafts................................................................... 42 Side Wedge Graft................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 4 Fine Tuning Grafting: Positioning; Sequences; Training; Rates of Work.................. 43 Positioning Grafts........................................................................................................ 43 Height above Root Collar or Soil Level................................................................. 43 Rootstock and Scion Placement – Stimulant Bud – Grafting Methods................. 43 Priority – Scion or Rootstock?.................................................................................... 45 Sequence of Actions for Performing the Graft........................................................... 47 Training and Practice.................................................................................................. 47 Rates of Work..............................................................................................................49 Chapter 5 Grafting Knives: Grafting Machines and Tools.......................................................... 51 Knife Selection............................................................................................................ 51 Folding Blade Knives............................................................................................. 51 Design and Construction................................................................................... 51 Folding Blade Models............................................................................................. 52 Fixed Blade Knives................................................................................................54 Disposable Blade Knives........................................................................................54 Knife Sharpening........................................................................................................ 55 Hand Sharpening – Equipment and Materials....................................................... 55 Choice of Cutting Edge Angle...........................................................................56 Stone Choice and Maintenance of Sharpening Stones......................................56 Procedures.........................................................................................................56 Techniques for Curved (Hooked) Blades.......................................................... 57 Stages in Sharpening – Burr Removal – Honing................................................... 58 Honing............................................................................................................... 58 Stropping............................................................................................................ 58 Cutting Edge Retention..................................................................................... 59 Key Points for Effective Hand Sharpening............................................................ 59 Machine and Machine‑Aided Knife Sharpening...................................................60 Sharpening Aids................................................................................................60 Sharpening Machines........................................................................................60 Testing for Sharpness.............................................................................................60 Knife Maintenance.................................................................................................60 Grafting Machines and Grafting Tools....................................................................... 61 Grafting Machines.................................................................................................. 61 Grafting Tools........................................................................................................63 Chapter 6 Ties – Tying and Sealing.............................................................................................65 Basic Principles...........................................................................................................65 Tying Materials...........................................................................................................65 Non-Enclosing and Enclosing Ties.............................................................................66 Non-Enclosing Ties................................................................................................66 Tying-In Procedures and Techniques for Non-Enclosing Ties.......................... 67 Tying-Off........................................................................................................... 70 Enclosing Ties........................................................................................................ 71 Tying Procedures for Enclosing Ties................................................................. 71 Self-Adhesive Enclosing Ties................................................................................. 72 Mechanised Tying-In......................................................................................... 72 Alternative Graft Fixing Methods............................................................................... 73 Sealants and Waxes..................................................................................................... 74 Hot Sealants............................................................................................................ 74 Melting Hot Waxes............................................................................................ 75 Cold Sealants.......................................................................................................... 75 Application Methods.............................................................................................. 76 Brush Application.............................................................................................. 76 Dipping.............................................................................................................. 76 Chapter 7 Work Station: Equipment and Associated Ancillary and Safety Equipment............. 79 Centralised, Integral or Mobile Workstations............................................................. 79 Work Station – Logistics of Handling Grafts and Rootstocks............................... 79 Work Station Equipment.............................................................................................80 The Grafting Bench.....................................................................................................80 Height Adjustment Related to Seating and Method............................................... 81 Layout and Handling..............................................................................................82 Grafting Procedures and Bench Design.................................................................82 Seating.........................................................................................................................82 Seat and Bench Placement......................................................................................82 Lighting.......................................................................................................................83 Ancillary Equipment and Activities – Safety Equipment...........................................83 Secateurs.................................................................................................................84 Bench and Plant Material Cleanliness...................................................................84 Knife Blade Cleaning and Sterilisation..................................................................84 Inspecting Grafts....................................................................................................85 Labelling and Marking...........................................................................................85 Protective Clothing.................................................................................................86 Production Planning, Computers and Recording Data...............................................86 First Aid Equipment, Health and Safety and Risk Assessments................................87 Risk Assessments...................................................................................................88 PART TWO The Graft Components – Rootstock and Scion Chapter 8 Rootstocks: Origin and Underlying Principles of Anatomy and Physiology.............. 91 Origin.......................................................................................................................... 91 Seedlings................................................................................................................ 91 Clonal.....................................................................................................................92 Roots or Root Systems............................................................................................92 Unrooted Stems......................................................................................................93 Size of Rootstock.........................................................................................................94 Root Pressure (Bleeding) and Root Activity...............................................................94 Chapter 9 Rootstocks: Categories; Acquisition; Specifications; Culture.....................................97 Categories of Rootstocks.............................................................................................97 Acquisition..................................................................................................................97 Bought-In Rootstocks.............................................................................................97 In-House Production...............................................................................................98 Rootstock Specifications – Terms Used......................................................................98 Bare-Root Deciduous Rootstocks...............................................................................99 Specifications to Meet Requirements.....................................................................99 Transport – Reception and Handling.....................................................................99 Preparation for Immediate Use..............................................................................99 Storage (Short- or Long-Term).............................................................................. 100 Bare-Root Evergreen Rootstocks.............................................................................. 100 Requirements – Specifications............................................................................. 100 Transport – Reception and Handling................................................................... 100 Storage.................................................................................................................. 101 Root-Balled Rootstocks............................................................................................. 101 Rootstocks for Top-Working..................................................................................... 101 Rootstocks for Cuttings-Grafts................................................................................. 101 Potted Rootstocks – Sourced from Other Producers................................................ 102 Requirements – Specifications............................................................................. 102 Transport and Handling........................................................................................ 102 Reception for Grafting Shortly after Arrival....................................................... 102 Reception for Use at a Later Date........................................................................ 102 Potted Rootstocks – Produced In-House................................................................... 102 Specifications........................................................................................................ 103 Pot Sizes and Types.............................................................................................. 103 Plug Grown................................................................................................................ 104 Specification and Types........................................................................................ 104 Requirements and Handling................................................................................. 104 Rootstock Culture – Bare-Root................................................................................. 105 Soil – Sowing – Seedling Density........................................................................ 105 Herbicides for Rootstocks Growing in the Field.................................................. 105 Rootstock Culture – Pot Grown................................................................................ 105 Establishment....................................................................................................... 105 Potting Composts................................................................................................. 106 Growing Conditions............................................................................................. 106 Weed Control Strategies....................................................................................... 107 Pesticide Use......................................................................................................... 108 Drying-Off Pot Grown Rootstocks........................................................................... 108 Chapter 10 Scions – General Principles – Acquisition – Stock Mother Plants – Selection and Collection........................................................................................................... 111 Scions and Cuttings Compared................................................................................. 111 Principles for Selection of Scion Wood..................................................................... 111 Differences between ‘Ripe’ and ‘Unripe’ Shoots................................................ 112 Scion Acquisition – Non-Commercial Sources........................................................ 113 Plant Collections................................................................................................... 113 Scion Acquisition – Commercial Suppliers.............................................................. 114 Other Nurserymen or Specialist Suppliers........................................................... 114 Overseas Sources.................................................................................................. 114 High Health Status Material................................................................................. 115 Scion Acquisition from Internal Sources.................................................................. 116 Scions from Growing on Stock............................................................................ 116 Scions from Dedicated Container Grown Mother Plants..................................... 116 Scions from Stock Mother Plant Beds.................................................................. 117 Strategic Advantages....................................................................................... 117 Technical Advantages...................................................................................... 117 Disadvantages.................................................................................................. 118 Yield of Scion Material from Stock Mother Plant Beds...................................... 118 Establishment and Maintenance of Stock Beds........................................................ 119 Site and Soil – Initial Assessments....................................................................... 119 Soil Preparation.................................................................................................... 119 Planting Procedures and Design.......................................................................... 120 Weed Control........................................................................................................ 120 Pesticide and Fungicide Application.................................................................... 121 Pruning and Training Stock Mother Plants.............................................................. 121 Deciduous Trees................................................................................................... 121 Deciduous Shrubs................................................................................................. 122 Evergreen Trees and Shrubs................................................................................. 123 Conifers................................................................................................................ 123 Upright Formal Shaped Conifers..................................................................... 123 Upright Informal Shaped Conifers..................................................................124 Spreading and Dwarf Conifers........................................................................124 Climbers...............................................................................................................124 Scions for Winter Grafts...........................................................................................124 Deciduous Hardwoods..........................................................................................124 Collection.........................................................................................................124 Storage............................................................................................................. 125 Preparation....................................................................................................... 126 Evergreen Hardwoods Scions............................................................................... 126 Collection......................................................................................................... 126 Storage – Preparation....................................................................................... 127 Scions for Summer Grafts......................................................................................... 127 Summer Dormant Deciduous and Evergreen....................................................... 127 Collection......................................................................................................... 127 Storage............................................................................................................. 127 Preparation....................................................................................................... 127 Summer Active Deciduous and Evergreen........................................................... 128 Collection......................................................................................................... 128 Storage............................................................................................................. 129 Preparation....................................................................................................... 129 Conifer Scions........................................................................................................... 129 Handling/Preparation for Conifer Scions............................................................. 129 Storage............................................................................................................. 130 Transport of Scion Material...................................................................................... 130 Post Grafting Scion Growth – Use of Bud Growth Stimulants................................ 130 PART THREE Achieving the Union Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology of Graft Union Formation and Development................... 135 Basic Woody Plant Anatomy.................................................................................... 135 Woody Plant – Primary Stem Anatomy............................................................... 135 Woody Plant – Secondary Stem Anatomy........................................................... 136 Woody Plant Anatomy – Vascular System........................................................... 137 Graft Union Formation.............................................................................................. 138 Union Formation – Response to Wounding......................................................... 138 Stages in the Formation of the Graft Union......................................................... 139 First Stage – Necrotic Plate............................................................................. 139 Second Stage.................................................................................................... 140 Third Stage...................................................................................................... 140 Fourth Stage..................................................................................................... 141 Diagrammatic Representation of Graft Union Formation................................... 142 Factors Influencing Callus Development.................................................................. 144 Genetic Influence.................................................................................................. 144 Rootstock – Scion – Grafting Method.................................................................. 144 Temperature.......................................................................................................... 144 Rootstock Activity, Root Extension...................................................................... 146 Moisture, Humidity, Oxygen – Effects of Sealing............................................... 146 Timing/Seasonal Patterns/Pruning...................................................................... 147 Polarity................................................................................................................. 148 Stimulant Buds..................................................................................................... 148 Root Pressure (Bleeding)...................................................................................... 149 Genetic Variability........................................................................................... 152 Stage of Growth – Timing............................................................................... 154 Root Temperature............................................................................................ 154 Substrate Moisture........................................................................................... 154 Side Graft, Height of Graft.............................................................................. 154 Graft Hybrids............................................................................................................ 154 Rootstock and Scion Interactions.............................................................................. 156 Chapter 12 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 159 Recognising Incompatibility..................................................................................... 159 Causes of Incompatibility......................................................................................... 159 Predicting Compatibility........................................................................................... 162 Future Progress – Strategies to Overcome Incompatibility...................................... 163 Double-Working................................................................................................... 164 Proven Inter-Stems.......................................................................................... 164 Unproven Inter-Stems...................................................................................... 165 Other Strategies to Overcome Incompatibility..................................................... 167 Hybrid Seedlings............................................................................................. 167 Root Grafting................................................................................................... 169 Chapter 13 Graft Environment for Graft Union Development.................................................... 171 Water Exchange and Loss between the Plant and the Atmosphere.......................... 171 Humidity – The Enclosed (Supportive) Environment.......................................... 172 Water – Practical Methods of Preventing Water Loss in Grafts.......................... 173 Rootstocks........................................................................................................ 173 Preventing Water Loss from Grafts using Dormant Leafless Scions.............. 173 Preventing Water Loss from Grafts using Leafy and De-Leaved Scions....... 174 High Humidity Combined with Sealing.......................................................... 174 Temperature – The Graft Environment..................................................................... 174 Additional Heat.................................................................................................... 174 Shading................................................................................................................. 175 Shading in High Humidity (Enclosed) Environments......................................... 175 Shade Level Calculations................................................................................. 177 Ventilation – Temperature and Humidity Control.................................................... 177 Macro-Ventilation................................................................................................. 177 Micro-Ventilation................................................................................................. 178 Setting-Up and Management of the Enclosed Environment..................................... 178 Bed Design........................................................................................................... 178 Bed Layout – Condensation.................................................................................. 179 Moisture Level and Temperature of Standing Down Substrate........................... 179 Cover Materials.................................................................................................... 179 Anti-Condensation Strategies............................................................................... 180 Management of the Environment within Walk-In Structures.............................. 183 Monitoring Grafts during Union Formation............................................................. 184 Graft Treatments....................................................................................................... 184 Influencing Union Development........................................................................... 184 Disease Suppression............................................................................................. 185 Cold Storage Post-Graft Union Formation................................................................ 185 PART FOUR Facilities: Structures and Equipment Chapter 14 Protected Structures – High Humidity Enclosures – Shading Materials.................. 189 Glasshouses............................................................................................................... 189 Walk-In Enclosed Structures within a Glasshouse or Polytunnel........................ 190 Polytunnels................................................................................................................ 190 Free-Standing, Walk-In Grafting Polytunnels.......................................................... 191 Poly-Tent.................................................................................................................... 192 Holding Tent.............................................................................................................. 192 Shading – External.................................................................................................... 194 Natural Shade....................................................................................................... 194 Shade Hall............................................................................................................ 194 Additional External Hoops................................................................................... 195 Direct Application................................................................................................ 195 Shading – Internal/External...................................................................................... 195 Shading Screens................................................................................................... 196 Chapter 15 Ground Level Beds – Benches – Heating – Humidification..................................... 197 Ground Level Beds within Greenhouses.................................................................. 197 Ground Level Beds for Cold or Warm Callusing................................................. 197 Warm Callusing – Provision of Heat for Ground Level Beds.............................. 197 Electricity........................................................................................................ 197 Hot Water......................................................................................................... 198 Providing Bottom Heat and Space Heating..................................................... 199 Grafting Beds.................................................................................................. 199 Bottom Heat throughout the Entire Floor........................................................200 Grafts Housed on Benches........................................................................................ 201 Bench Heating Systems........................................................................................202 Thermostats...............................................................................................................202 Thermostats – Electro-Mechanical......................................................................202 Thermostats – Digital (Electronic).......................................................................202 Humidification...........................................................................................................202 Chapter 16 Hot-Pipe Facilities: Design and Construction...........................................................205 Hot-Pipe – Heat Source.............................................................................................205 Electricity.............................................................................................................205 Hot Water..............................................................................................................206 The Heating Chamber...............................................................................................206 Slotted Cover........................................................................................................206 Layered Slotted Cover.....................................................................................208 Solid Cover (‘Sandwiched’ Cover).......................................................................208 Extruded Polystyrene Sheets Fabricated to Shape..........................................208 Half-Round Plastic Rainwater Gutters............................................................209 Square Section Rainwater Gutters................................................................... 211 Plywood or Insulating Boards Fabricated to Shape........................................ 211 Hot-Pipe – Stacked Assemblies............................................................................ 211 Separate Assembly Stacking........................................................................... 211 Integrated Assembly Stacking......................................................................... 212 Alternative Design for Aligned Chambers................................................................ 214 ‘Economy’ Design..................................................................................................... 214 Summer Storage........................................................................................................ 215 Temperature Control for Hot-Pipe Systems.............................................................. 215 Chapter 17 Growth Chambers for Grafts.................................................................................... 217 PART FIVE Grafting Systems Chapter 18 Features and Management of Different Grafting Systems....................................... 221 Sub-Cold Callusing (Hibernation Callusing)............................................................ 221 Cold Callusing – For Deciduous Species..................................................................222 Bare-Root Rootstocks...........................................................................................222 Potted Rootstocks.................................................................................................223 Modified Cold Callusing...........................................................................................224 Warm Callusing.........................................................................................................224 Dormant Hardwood Species.................................................................................225 Deciduous Hardwoods in Summer Dormancy.....................................................225 Deciduous Hardwood Species in Active Growth (Early/Mid-Summer Grafting)...............................................................................................................226 Dormant Evergreen Hardwoods...........................................................................226 Summer Dormant Evergreen Hardwoods............................................................226 Summer Active Evergreen Hardwoods................................................................227 Supported Warm Callusing Systems.........................................................................228 Conifer Grafting........................................................................................................228 Deciduous Conifers..............................................................................................229 Evergreen Conifers...............................................................................................229 Pinaceae and Sciadopityaceae.........................................................................229 Cupressaceae...................................................................................................230 Aurucariaceae, Podocarpaceae and Taxaceae................................................. 231 Summer Dormant Conifers.................................................................................. 231 Hot-Pipe (Hot Callusing) – Horticultural Management – Plant Material................. 231 Output and Capacity............................................................................................. 233 Rootstocks............................................................................................................ 233 Grafting Methods.................................................................................................234 Temperature and Timing...................................................................................... 235 Cold Storage Post-Graft Union Formation...........................................................236 Top-Working..............................................................................................................236 Frame-Working......................................................................................................... 239 Enhanced Scion Production......................................................................................240 Double-Working........................................................................................................240 Multi-Grafts..............................................................................................................240 Root Grafting............................................................................................................242 Source, Specifications and Storage.......................................................................242 Grafting Methods and Tying-In............................................................................244 Aftercare...............................................................................................................245 Nurse Grafting..........................................................................................................245 Nurse-Seed Grafting.................................................................................................246 Grafting Method...................................................................................................246 Aftercare.......................................................................................................... 247 Cuttings-Grafts.......................................................................................................... 247 Pre-Formed Roots................................................................................................ 247 Unrooted Stems....................................................................................................248 “Long John” Grafts...................................................................................................249 Approach Grafting; Grafting with Attached Scions.................................................250 Deciding upon the Best Grafting Strategy, Method and System..............................250 Small Grafting Unit Concerned with Species Diversity......................................250 Large, Specialised Grafting Unit Concerned with High Output.......................... 251 PART SIX Role of Grafting in Conservation Chapter 19 Conservation.............................................................................................................. 255 Conservation of Plants in Cultivation (Ex Situ)........................................................ 255 Conservation of Plants in the Wild (In Situ)............................................................. 255 Propagation for Conservation....................................................................................256 Attributes of Grafting for Conservation............................................................... 257 Genetic Integrity; Diversity; Selection............................................................ 257 Transport – Plant Health.................................................................................. 257 Successful Outcomes – Rejuvenation.............................................................. 257 Output.............................................................................................................. 258 Speed of Response........................................................................................... 258 Facility Requirements...................................................................................... 258 Technical Input – Artisan Involvement – Skills Transfer................................ 258 Practical Applications for Grafting in Conservation............................................ 258 Recovery of Endangered Species from the Wild............................................. 258 Recovery of Juvenility..................................................................................... 259 Retention of Genetic Integrity......................................................................... 259 Speed and Quantity of Production................................................................... 259 Need for Rapid Response................................................................................ 259 Rootstock Selection to Overcome Environmental Challenges........................260 Grafting Potential for Red List Species....................................................................260 Setting Up a Grafting Facility................................................................................... 261 The Future of Grafting in Conservation................................................................... 261 PART SEVEN Genera Specific Requirements Introduction.....................................................................................................................................265 Chapter 20 Abies (Pinaceae) – Fir............................................................................................... 267 Introduction............................................................................................................... 267 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 267 Timing....................................................................................................................... 267 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 267 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 267 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................268 Systems......................................................................................................................268 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 270 After Care.................................................................................................................. 270 Growing On............................................................................................................... 271 Chapter 21 Acer (Sapindaceae) – Maple...................................................................................... 273 Introduction............................................................................................................... 273 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 273 Timing.......................................................................................................................280 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 281 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................282 Potted, Plug Grown and Bare-Root Rootstocks...................................................283 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................284 Systems......................................................................................................................284 Dormant Season Grafting....................................................................................284 Hot-Pipe System...................................................................................................286 Summer Grafting..................................................................................................286 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................287 Top-Worked Plants....................................................................................................288 After Care..................................................................................................................288 Performance Comparisons........................................................................................289 Growing On...............................................................................................................289 Chapter 22 Actinidia (Actinidiaceae) – Kiwi Fruit...................................................................... 291 Introduction............................................................................................................... 291 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 291 Timing....................................................................................................................... 291 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 291 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 291 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................292 Systems......................................................................................................................292 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................292 Growing On...............................................................................................................292 Chapter 23 Aesculus (Sapindaceae) – Horse Chestnut & Buckeye.............................................293 Introduction...............................................................................................................293 Compatibility.............................................................................................................293 Timing.......................................................................................................................293 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................294 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................294 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................294 Systems...................................................................................................................... 295 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 295 Top-Worked Trees..................................................................................................... 295 Growing On............................................................................................................... 295 Chapter 24 Amelanchier (Rosaceae) – Snowy Mespilus.............................................................297 Introduction...............................................................................................................297 Compatibility.............................................................................................................297 Timing.......................................................................................................................297 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................297 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................297 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................297 Systems...................................................................................................................... 298 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................298 Growing On...............................................................................................................298 Chapter 25 Aralia (Araliaceae)....................................................................................................299 Introduction...............................................................................................................299 Compatibility.............................................................................................................299 Timing.......................................................................................................................299 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................299 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................302 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................302 Systems......................................................................................................................303 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................303 Growing On...............................................................................................................303 Chapter 26 Berberis & Mahonia (Berberidaceae).......................................................................305 Introduction...............................................................................................................305 Compatibility.............................................................................................................305 Timing.......................................................................................................................305 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................305 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................306 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................306 Systems......................................................................................................................306 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................306 Growing On...............................................................................................................306 Chapter 27 Betula (Betulaceae) – Birch......................................................................................307 Introduction...............................................................................................................307 Compatibility.............................................................................................................307 Timing.......................................................................................................................308 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................308 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................309 Plug Grown Rootstocks........................................................................................ 310 Bare-Root Rootstocks........................................................................................... 311 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 311 Mother Trees/Storage........................................................................................... 311 Size/Quality.......................................................................................................... 311 Alternative Scion Wood/Scions for Multi-Stemmed Trees.................................. 312 Systems...................................................................................................................... 312 Cold Callusing...................................................................................................... 313 Warm Callusing.................................................................................................... 313 Hot-Pipe................................................................................................................ 313 Late Spring/Early Summer – Late Summer Grafting.......................................... 313 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 313 Root Pressure/Drying Off.................................................................................... 313 Temperature.......................................................................................................... 314 Graft Infection Treatments................................................................................... 314 Care of Grafts before, during and after Union Formation........................................ 315 Top-Worked and Multi-Stemmed Trees.................................................................... 315 Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 316 Growing On............................................................................................................... 316 Chapter 28 Camellia (Theaceae).................................................................................................. 317 Introduction............................................................................................................... 317 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 317 Timing....................................................................................................................... 317 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 318 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 319 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 321 Systems...................................................................................................................... 321 Contents xix Warm Callusing.................................................................................................... 321 Cuttings-Grafts..................................................................................................... 321 Nurse Seed Grafting............................................................................................. 322 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 322 Top-Worked Patio Plants........................................................................................... 323 Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 323 Growing on................................................................................................................ 323 Chapter 29 Carpinus (Betulaceae) – Hornbeam.......................................................................... 325 Introduction............................................................................................................... 325 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 325 Timing....................................................................................................................... 326 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 326 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 327 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 327 Systems...................................................................................................................... 327 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 328 Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 329 Growing On............................................................................................................... 329 Chapter 30 Cedrus (Pinaceae) – Cedar........................................................................................ 331 Introduction............................................................................................................... 331 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 331 Timing....................................................................................................................... 331 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 331 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 331 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 332 Systems...................................................................................................................... 332 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 332 Top-Worked Patio Plants........................................................................................... 332 Growing on................................................................................................................ 333 Chapter 31 Cercis (Caesalpiniaceae) – Redbud, Judas Tree........................................................ 335 Introduction............................................................................................................... 335 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 335 Timing....................................................................................................................... 335 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 336 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 337 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 337 Systems...................................................................................................................... 337 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 338 Growing on................................................................................................................ 338 Chapter 32 Chamaecyparis Including Xanthocyparis (Callitropsis) (Cupressaceae).................. 341 Introduction............................................................................................................... 341 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 341 Timing....................................................................................................................... 342 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 342 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 342 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................344 Systems......................................................................................................................344 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................344 Top-Worked Patio Plants...........................................................................................344 Growing on................................................................................................................344 Chapter 33 Cornus (Cornaceae) – Dogwoods, Cornels............................................................... 345 Introduction............................................................................................................... 345 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 345 Timing.......................................................................................................................346 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................346 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 347 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 347 Systems...................................................................................................................... 350 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 350 Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 350 Growing on................................................................................................................ 350 Chapter 34 Corylus (Betulaceae) – Hazel.................................................................................... 351 Introduction............................................................................................................... 351 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 351 Timing....................................................................................................................... 352 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 352 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 352 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 352 Systems...................................................................................................................... 352 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 353 Growing on................................................................................................................ 353 Chapter 35 Cupressus (Cupressaceae) – Cypress........................................................................ 355 Introduction............................................................................................................... 355 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 355 Timing....................................................................................................................... 355 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 355 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 355 Scion wood................................................................................................................ 356 Systems...................................................................................................................... 356 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 356 Growing on................................................................................................................ 356 Chapter 36 Daphne (Thymelaeaceae).......................................................................................... 357 Introduction............................................................................................................... 357 Compatibility ............................................................................................................ 357 Timing....................................................................................................................... 357 Contents xxi Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 357 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 358 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................360 Systems......................................................................................................................360 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 361 Growing on................................................................................................................ 361 Chapter 37 Fagus (Fagaceae) – Beech......................................................................................... 363 Introduction............................................................................................................... 363 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 363 Timing....................................................................................................................... 363 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................364 Rootstocks ................................................................................................................364 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................364 Systems......................................................................................................................365 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................365 Top-Worked Trees.....................................................................................................365 Growing on ...............................................................................................................366 Chapter 38 Hamamelis (Hamamelidaceae) – Witch Hazel......................................................... 367 Introduction............................................................................................................... 367 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 367 Timing.......................................................................................................................368 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................368 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................368 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................369 Systems...................................................................................................................... 370 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 371 Growing on................................................................................................................ 371 Chapter 39 Juglans (Juglandaceae) – Walnuts............................................................................. 373 Introduction............................................................................................................... 373 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 373 Timing....................................................................................................................... 374 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 374 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 375 Rootstock Propagation.......................................................................................... 376 Blackline Disease................................................................................................. 378 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 378 Systems...................................................................................................................... 379 Warm Callusing.................................................................................................... 379 Warm Callusing – Enclosed Conditions.......................................................... 379 Warm Callusing – Callusing Boxes................................................................. 379 Root Grafting........................................................................................................380 Hot-Pipe................................................................................................................ 381 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 381 Growing on................................................................................................................ 383 Chapter 40 Juniperus (Cupressaceae) – Juniper.......................................................................... 385 Introduction............................................................................................................... 385 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 385 Timing.......................................................................................................................386 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................386 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 387 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................388 Systems...................................................................................................................... 388 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 389 Performance Comparisons........................................................................................390 Growing on................................................................................................................390 Chapter 41 Magnolia (Magnoliaceae).......................................................................................... 391 Introduction............................................................................................................... 391 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 391 Timing....................................................................................................................... 393 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 394 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 395 Choice of Alternatives.......................................................................................... 395 Seed-Raised Rootstocks....................................................................................... 396 Cuttings Raised Rootstocks.................................................................................. 398 Conclusions on Rootstocks...................................................................................399 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 401 Systems......................................................................................................................403 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................404 Growing on................................................................................................................404 Performance Comparisons........................................................................................405 Chapter 42 Malus (Rosaceae) – Flowering Crabs and Orchard Apples......................................407 Introduction...............................................................................................................407 Compatibility.............................................................................................................407 Flowering Crabs...................................................................................................407 Timing.......................................................................................................................408 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................408 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................409 Ornamental Crabs................................................................................................409 Orchard Apples.....................................................................................................409 Double-Working.............................................................................................. 410 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 410 Systems...................................................................................................................... 413 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 413 Top-Worked Trees..................................................................................................... 413 Growing on................................................................................................................ 413 Chapter 43 Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) – Tree Paeony....................................................................... 415 Introduction............................................................................................................... 415 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 415 Timing....................................................................................................................... 415 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 415 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 416 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 417 Systems...................................................................................................................... 417 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 419 Growing on................................................................................................................ 419 Chapter 44 Picea (Pinaceae) – Spruce......................................................................................... 421 Introduction............................................................................................................... 421 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 421 Timing....................................................................................................................... 421 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 422 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 423 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................424 Systems...................................................................................................................... 425 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 426 Top-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 428 Growing on................................................................................................................ 429 Chapter 45 Pinus (Pinaceae) – Pines........................................................................................... 431 Introduction............................................................................................................... 431 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 431 Timing....................................................................................................................... 433 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 433 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 434 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 434 Systems...................................................................................................................... 435 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 437 Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 437 Top-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 438 Growing on................................................................................................................ 438 Chapter 46 Prunus (Rosaceae) – Ornamental Prunus................................................................. 439 Introduction............................................................................................................... 439 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 439 Timing.......................................................................................................................442 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................442 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................442 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................443 Systems......................................................................................................................443 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................444 Top-Worked Plants....................................................................................................444 Growing on................................................................................................................444 Chapter 47 Prunus (Rosaceae) – Almonds and Stone Fruits.......................................................445 Introduction...............................................................................................................445 Compatibility.............................................................................................................445 Timing.......................................................................................................................445 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................445 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................445 Almonds...............................................................................................................446 Apricots................................................................................................................446 Peaches and Nectarines........................................................................................446 Plums.................................................................................................................... 450 Apriums and Pluots.............................................................................................. 450 Sweet and Sour Cherries...................................................................................... 450 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 452 Systems...................................................................................................................... 452 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 452 Chapter 48 Pyrus (Rosaceae) – Ornamental and Fruiting Pears................................................. 453 Introduction............................................................................................................... 453 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 453 Ornamental Pears................................................................................................. 453 Fruiting Pears....................................................................................................... 454 Timing....................................................................................................................... 455 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 456 Rootstocks for Fruiting Pears.................................................................................... 456 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 457 Systems...................................................................................................................... 457 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 457 Top-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 457 Growing on................................................................................................................ 457 Chapter 49 Quercus (Fagaceae) – Oaks....................................................................................... 459 Introduction............................................................................................................... 459 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 459 Further Discussion on Compatibility...................................................................460 Subgenus Cyclobalanopsis...............................................................................460 Subgenus Quercus: Section Cerris...................................................................462 Subgenus Quercus: Sections Mesobalanus and Quercus.................................462 Subgenus Quercus: Section Protobalanus........................................................463 Subgenus Quercus: Section Lobatae................................................................463 Inter-Sectional Combinations – Potential Inter-Stems....................................463 Effects of Particular Combinations.................................................................464 Timing.......................................................................................................................464 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................464 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................466 Pot and Plug Grown Rootstocks...........................................................................466 Bare-Root Rootstocks...........................................................................................467 Root Grafts...........................................................................................................467 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................467 Systems......................................................................................................................468 Warm Callusing....................................................................................................468 Hot-Pipe................................................................................................................469 Root Grafting........................................................................................................469 Nurse-Seed Grafting............................................................................................469 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 470 Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 470 Growing on................................................................................................................ 470 Chapter 50 Rhododendron (Ericaceae)........................................................................................ 471 Introduction............................................................................................................... 471 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 471 Timing....................................................................................................................... 473 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 473 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 475 Rootstock Selection.............................................................................................. 475 Rootstocks for Large Leaved Types..................................................................... 476 Rootstock Stem..................................................................................................... 477 Pot Grown versus Bare-root................................................................................. 478 Raising Clonal Rootstocks................................................................................... 478 Specifications........................................................................................................ 479 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 479 Systems...................................................................................................................... 481 Management of Rootstock – Heading-back.........................................................482 Summer Grafting..................................................................................................482 Cuttings-Grafts.....................................................................................................483 Modified Cuttings-Grafts.....................................................................................485 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................486 Top-Worked Plants....................................................................................................488 Growing on................................................................................................................488 Chapter 51 Sorbus (Rosaceae) – Mountain Ash, Whitebeam.....................................................489 Introduction...............................................................................................................489 Compatibility.............................................................................................................489 Timing....................................................................................................................... 491 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................492 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................492 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................492 Systems......................................................................................................................492 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................492 Growing On...............................................................................................................492 Chapter 52 Syringa (Oleaceae) – Lilac, French Lilac.................................................................. 493 Introduction............................................................................................................... 493 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 493 Timing.......................................................................................................................494 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................494 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 495 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................496 Systems......................................................................................................................496 Field Planting........................................................................................................497 Potting Up/On.......................................................................................................497 Summer Grafting..................................................................................................497 Cuttings-Grafts.....................................................................................................497 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 498 Top-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 498 Growing On............................................................................................................... 498 Chapter 53 Tilia (Malvaceae) – Lime-trees, Lindens, Basswoods..............................................499 Introduction...............................................................................................................499 Compatibility.............................................................................................................499 Timing.......................................................................................................................500 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................500 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................502 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................503 Systems......................................................................................................................503 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................504 Growing On...............................................................................................................504 Chapter 54 Viburnum (Adoxaceae).............................................................................................505 Introduction...............................................................................................................505 Compatibility.............................................................................................................505 Timing.......................................................................................................................506 Grafting Methods......................................................................................................507 Rootstocks.................................................................................................................507 Scion Wood...............................................................................................................508 Systems......................................................................................................................508 Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................508 Top-Worked Plants....................................................................................................508 Growing On...............................................................................................................509 Chapter 55 Vitis (Vitaceae) – Vines, Grapevines........................................................................ 511 Introduction............................................................................................................... 511 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 511 Timing....................................................................................................................... 511 Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 511 Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 512 Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 513 Systems...................................................................................................................... 513 Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 515 Growing On............................................................................................................... 516 PART EIGHT Genera Grafting Guide Tables Chapter 56 Grafting Table List.................................................................................................... 519 Introduction............................................................................................................... 519 APPENDICES Appendix A: List of Families and Genera Field Grafted.......................................................... 557 Appendix B: List of Families Bench Grafted and with Potential to Graft.............................. 559 Appendix C: Practice Holders..................................................................................................... 561 Appendix D: Outputs for Bench Grafting.................................................................................. 563 Appendix E: Knife Types Other than Tina................................................................................565 Appendix F: Knife Sharpening – Cutting Edge Grind Types.................................................. 567 Appendix G: Types of Sharpening Stones.................................................................................. 569 Appendix H: Honing - Strops and Honing Machines - Corrosion Prevention....................... 571 Appendix I: Sharpening Aids...................................................................................................... 573 Appendix J: Knife Sharpening Machines.................................................................................. 575 Appendix K: Grafting Machines and Grafting Tools............................................................... 577 Appendix L: Workstations: Integral, Static and Mobile.......................................................... 581 Appendix M: Grafting Bench Design and Construction.......................................................... 583 Appendix N: Seat Design.............................................................................................................. 585 Appendix O: Lighting Levels for Grafting Benches.................................................................. 587 Appendix P: Effect of Fungicides on Graft Success.................................................................. 589 Appendix Q: Design and Construction of Free-Standing, Walk-In Grafting Polytunnels......... 591 Appendix R: Hot-Pipe Solid Cover Heating Chamber Dimensions......................................... 593 Appendix S: ‘Economy’ Hot-Pipe Design................................................................................... 595 Bibliography.................................................................................................................................. 597 Plant Index..................................................................................................................................... 611 Index............................................................................................................................................... 629
Brian Humphrey commenced work in local nurseries in 1954 followed by two years National Service in the Royal Air Force before taking up a studentship at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. A two-year studentship at Writtle Agricultural College (now Writtle University College) followed, and provided the opportunity to gain the Royal Horticultural Society’s National Diploma (now Master of Horticulture) with Honours. Joining Hillier Nurseries in 1963 as a propagator, he became a member of the Plant Propagator’s Society based in the US in 1964 and aided in the formation of the first overseas chapter of the Society, the GB and I Region, in 1968–69. He was the inaugural President of the region in 1969 and was awarded the International Award of Honour by that Society in 1993. Promotion at Hilliers lead to the position of Production Director and the opportunity to develop various aspects of the nursery, which, at that time, grew commercially the widest range of temperate woody plants in the world. Joining Notcutt’s Nurseries in 1986 provided opportunities for further experience. Prior to retirement, over a decade was spent running his own wholesale nursery specialising in grafted plants. Involvement and subsequent chairmanship of the UK ornamental nursery industry research and development initiatives with the UK Ministry of Agriculture led to the award of an O.B.E. (Order of the British Empire) in 1987. In 2013, his work in the nurserystock industry and in various RHS projects was recognised by the award of the VMH (Victoria Medal of Honour) by the Royal Horticultural Society. He now lives in retirement in coastal Suffolk, eastern England and together with his wife maintains their garden with nearly seven acres of woodland and meadows of woody plants.
Reviews for The Bench Grafter's Handbook: Principles & Practice
'This richly illustrated volume provides nearly encyclopedic coverage of every aspect of bench grafting and may well become the standard reference on the subject for the foreseeable future. In synthesizing decades of scientific literature and professional experience, British nurseryman Humphrey (awarded the O.B.E. in 1987) here outlines the anatomical and physiological principles underlying successful graft unions, and thoroughly describes the types of grafts that can be made and the materials, methods, systems, and facilities necessary to achieve them. Detailed literature reviews for 35 important plant genera, and general recommendations for grafting members of over 200 genera, provide essential information for practicing professionals. Additionally, the author raises significant questions (requiring continued scientific discovery) about the potential role grafting could play in future plant conservation efforts. This work will be of great value to professional and amateur horticulturalists alike, as well as horticulture educators and students.' --R. M. Warner, Michigan State University, CHOICE (May 2020) Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers.
