The Application of Programmable DSPs in Mobile Communications

Biographies xiii List of Contributors xv 1 Introduction 1 Edgar Auslander and Alan Gatherer 1.1 It’s a Personal Matter 2 1.2 The Super Phone? 3 1.3 New Services 6 1.4 The Curse and Opportunity of Moore’s Law 8 1.5 The Book 9 2 The History of DSP Based Architectures in Second Generation Cellular Handsets 11 Alan Gatherer, Trudy Stetzler and Edgar Auslander 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 A History of Cellular Standards and Wireless Handset Architectures 11 2.2.1 1G and 2G Standards 11 2.2.2 2.5G and 3G Standards 12 2.2.3 Architecture Evolution 14 2.3 Trends in Low Power DSPs 17 2.3.1 Process Improvement 17 2.3.2 Instruction Set Enhancement 19 2.3.3 Power Management 21 References 21 3 The Role of Programmable DSPs in Dual Mode (2G and 3G) Handsets 23 Chaitali Sengupta, Nicolas Veau, Sundararajan Sriram, Zhenguo Gu and Paul Folacci 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 The Wireless Standards 24 3.3 A Generic FDD DS Digital Baseband (DBB) Functional View 25 3.4 Functional Description of a Dual-Mode System 28 3.5 Complexity Analysis and HW/SW Partitioning 29 3.5.1 2G/3G Digital Baseband Processing Optimized Partitioning 31 3.6 Hardware Design Approaches 32 3.6.1 Design Considerations: Centralized vs. Distributed Architectures 32 3.6.2 The Coprocessor Approach 33 3.6.3 Role of DSP in 2G and Dual-Mode 37 3.7 Software Processing and Interface with Higher Layers 38 3.8 Summary 39 3.9 Abbreviations 39 References 40 4 Programmable DSPs for 3G Base Station Modems 41 Dale Hocevar, Pierre Bertrand, Eric Biscondi, Alan Gatherer, Frank Honore, Armelle Laine, Simon Morris, Sriram Sundararajan and Tod Wolf 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Overview of 3G Base Stations: Requirements 42 4.2.1 Introduction 42 4.2.2 General Requirements 42 4.2.3 Fundamental CDMA Base Station Base Band Processing 43 4.2.4 Symbol-Rate (SR) Processing 44 4.2.5 Chip-Rate (CR) Processing 44 4.3 System Analysis 46 4.3.1 SR Processing Analysis 46 4.3.2 CR Processing Analysis 46 4.4 Flexible Coprocessor Solutions 48 4.4.1 Viterbi Convolutional Decoder Coprocessor 48 4.4.2 Turbo Decoder Coprocessor 50 4.4.3 Correlator Coprocessor 52 4.5 Summary and Conclusions 54 5 The Use of Programmable DSPs in Antenna Array Processing 57 Matthew Bromberg and Donald R. Brown 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Antenna Array Signal Model 58 5.3 Linear Beamforming Techniques 62 5.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Derivation 62 5.3.2 Least Mean Square Adaptation 66 5.3.3 Least Squares Processing 67 5.3.4 Blind Signal Adaptation 71 5.3.5 Subspace Constraints 73 5.3.6 Exploiting Cyclostationarity 75 5.3.7 Transmit Beamformer Techniques 77 5.4 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Signal Extraction 83 5.4.1 MIMO Linear System Model 83 5.4.2 Capacity of MIMO Communication Channels 86 5.4.3 Linear Estimation of Desired Signals in MIMO Communication Systems 87 5.4.4 Non-linear Estimation of Desired Signals in MIMO Communication Systems 90 5.4.5 Conclusions 93 References 93 6 The Challenges of Software-Defined Radio 97 Carl Panasik and Chaitali Sengupta 6.1 Cellular Communications Standards 98 6.2 What is SDR? 98 6.3 Digitizing Today’s Analog Operations 101 6.4 Implementation Challenges 103 6.5 Analog and ADC Issues 103 6.6 Channel Filter 104 6.7 Delta-Sigma ADC 104 6.8 Conclusion 105 References 105 7 Enabling Multimedia Applications in 2.5G and 3G Wireless Terminals: Challenges and Solutions 107 Edgar Auslander, Madhukar Budagavi, Jamil Chaoui, Ken Cyr, Jean-Pierre Giacalone, Sebastien de Gregorio, Yves Masse, Yeshwant Muthusamy, Tiemen Spits and Jennifer Webb 7.1 Introduction 107 7.1.1 ‘‘DSPs take the RISC’’ 107 7.2 OMAP H/W Architecture 111 7.2.1 Architecture Description 111 7.2.2 Advantages of a Combined RISC/DSP Architecture 113 7.2.3 TMS320C55x and Multimedia Extensions 113 7.3 OMAP S/W Architecture 114 7.4 OMAP Multimedia Applications 116 7.4.1 Video 116 7.4.2 Speech Applications 116 7.5 Conclusion 117 Further Reading 117 8 A Flexible Distributed Java Environment for Wireless PDA Architectures Based on DSP Technology 119 Gilbert Cabillic, Jean-Philippe Lesot, Frédéric Parain, Michel Banâtre, Valérie Issarny, Teresa Higuera, Gérard Chauvel, Serge Lasserre and Dominique D’Inverno 8.1 Introduction 119 8.2 Java and Energy: Analyzing the Challenge 120 8.2.1 Analysis of Java Opcodes 120 8.2.2 Analyzing Application Behavior 121 8.2.3 Analysis 125 8.3 A Modular Java Virtual Machine 127 8.3.1 Java Implantation Possibilities 127 8.3.2 Approach: a Modular Java Environment 129 8.3.3 Comparison with Existing Java Environments 131 8.4 Ongoing Work on Scratchy 132 8.4.1 Multi-Application Management 133 8.4.2 Managing the Processor’s Heterogeneity and Architecture 133 8.4.3 Distribution of Tasks and Management of Soft Real-Time Constraints 133 8.4.4 Energy Management 133 8.5 Conclusion 133 References 134 9 Speech Coding Standards in Mobile Communications 137 Erdal Paksoy, Vishu Viswanathan and Alan McCree 9.1 Introduction 137 9.2 Speech Coder Attributes 138 9.3 Speech Coding Basics 139 9.3.1 Waveform Coders 141 9.3.2 Parametric Coders 141 9.3.3 Linear Predictive Analysis-by-Synthesis 143 9.3.4 Postfiltering 146 9.3.5 Vad/dtx 146 9.3.6 Channel Coding 146 9.4 Speech Coding Standards 147 9.4.1 ITU-T Standards 147 9.4.2 Digital Cellular Standards 148 9.4.3 Wideband Standards 152 9.5 Speech Coder Implementation 153 9.5.1 Specification and Conformance Testing 153 9.5.2 ETSI/ITU Fixed-Point c 154 9.5.3 DSP Implementation 155 9.6 Conclusion 155 Acknowledgements 156 References 156 10 Speech Recognition Solutions for Wireless Devices 160 Yeshwant Muthusamy, Yu-Hung Kao and Yifan Gong 10.1 Introduction 160 10.2 DSP Based Speech Recognition Technology 160 10.2.1 Problem: Handling Dynamic Vocabulary 161 10.2.2 Solution: DSP-GPP Split 161 10.3 Overview of Texas Instruments DSP Based Speech Recognizers 161 10.3.1 Speech Recognition Algorithms Supported 161 10.3.2 Speech Databases Used 161 10.3.3 Speech Recognition Portfolio 162 10.4 TIESR Details 165 10.4.1 Distinctive Features 165 10.4.2 Grammar Parsing and Model Creation 166 10.4.3 Fixed-Point Implementation Issues 167 10.4.4 Software Design Issues 168 10.5 Speech-Enabled Wireless Application Prototypes 168 10.5.1 Hierarchical Organization of APIs 169 10.5.2 InfoPhone 171 10.5.3 Voice E-mail 172 10.5.4 Voice Navigation 173 10.5.5 Voice-Enabled Web Browsing 174 10.6 Summary and Conclusions 175 References 176 11 Video and Audio Coding for Mobile Applications 179 Jennifer Webb and Chuck Lueck 11.1 Introduction 179 11.2 Video 181 11.2.1 Video Coding Overview 182 11.2.2 Video Compression Standards 186 11.2.3 Video Coding on DSPs 187 11.2.4 Considerations for Mobile Applications 188 11.3 Audio 190 11.3.1 Audio Coding Overview 191 11.3.2 Audio Compression Standards 193 11.3.3 Audio Coding on DSPs 195 11.3.4 Considerations for Mobile Applications 196 11.4 Audio and Video Decode on a DSP 198 References 200 12 Security Paradigm for Mobile Terminals 201 Edgar Auslander, Jerome Azema, Alain Chateau and Loic Hamon 12.1 Mobile Commerce General Environment 202 12.2 Secure Platform Definition 203 12.2.1 Security Paradigm Alternatives 204 12.2.2 Secure Platform Software Component 204 12.2.3 Secure Platform Hardware Component 205 12.3 Software Based Security Component 205 12.3.1 Java and Security 205 12.3.2 Definition 205 12.3.3 Features for Security 206 12.3.4 Dependency on OS 207 12.4 Hardware Based Security Component: Distributed Security 207 12.4.1 Secure Mode Description 208 12.4.2 Key Management 210 12.4.3 Data Encryption and Hashing 211 12.4.4 Distributed Security Architecture 212 12.4.5 Tampering Protection 213 12.5 Secure Platform in Digital Base Band Controller/MODEM 214 12.6 Secure Platform in Application Platform 215 12.7 Conclusion 215 13 Biometric Systems Applied To Mobile Communications 217 Dale R. Setlak and Lorin Netsch 13.1 Introduction 217 13.2 The Speaker Verification Task 219 13.2.1 Speaker Verification Processing Overview 219 13.2.2 DSP-Based Embedded Speaker Verification 224 13.3 Live Fingerprint Recognition Systems 225 13.3.1 Overview 225 13.3.2 Mobile Application Characterization 226 13.3.3 Concept of Operations 226 13.3.4 Critical Performance Metrics 228 13.3.5 Basic Elements of the Fingerprint System 233 13.3.6 Prototype Implementation 247 13.3.7 Prototype System Processing 248 13.4 Conclusions 251 References 251 14 The Role of Programmable DSPs in Digital Radio 253 Trudy Stetzler and Gavin Ferris 14.1 Introduction 253 14.2 Digital Transmission Methods 254 14.3 Eureka-147 System 255 14.3.1 System Description 255 14.3.2 Transmission Signal Generation 262 14.3.3 Receiver Description 265 14.4 Iboc 279 14.5 Satellite Systems 284 14.6 Conclusion 285 References 286 15 Benchmarking DSP Architectures for Low Power Applications 287 David Hwang, Cimarron Mittelsteadt and Ingrid Verbauwhede 15.1 Introduction 287 15.2 LPC Speech Codec Algorithm 288 15.2.1 Segmentation 288 15.2.2 Silence Detection 288 15.2.3 Pitch Detection Algorithm 289 15.2.4 LPC Analysis – Vocal Tract Modeling 289 15.2.5 Bookkeeping 290 15.3 Design Methodology 290 15.3.1 Floating-Point to Fixed-Point Conversion 290 15.3.2 Division Algorithm 292 15.3.3 Hardware Allocation 293 15.4 Platforms 293 15.4.1 Texas Instruments TI C54x 293 15.4.2 Texas Instruments TI C55x 294 15.4.3 Texas Instruments TI C6x 294 15.4.4 Ocapi 294 15.4.5 A|RT Designer 294 15.5 Final Results 294 15.5.1 Area Estimate 295 15.5.2 Power Estimate 295 15.6 Conclusions 297 Acknowledgements 298 References 298 16 Low Power Sensor Networks 299 Alice Wang, Rex Min, Masayuki Miyazaki, Amit Sinha and Anantha Chandrakasan 16.1 Introduction 299 16.2 Power-Aware Node Architecture 300 16.3 Hardware Design Issues 302 16.3.1 Processor Energy Model 303 16.3.2 Dvs 304 16.3.3 Leakage Considerations 306 16.4 Signal Processing in the Network 311 16.4.1 Optimizing Protocols 312 16.4.2 Energy-Efficient System Partitioning 313 16.5 Signal Processing Algorithms 317 16.5.1 Energy–Agile Filtering 318 16.5.2 Energy–Agile Data Aggregation 319 16.6 Signal Processing Architectures 320 16.6.1 Variable-Length Filtering 321 16.6.2 Variable Precision Architecture 322 16.7 Conclusions 324 References 324 17 The Pleiades Architecture 327 Arthur Abnous, Hui Zhang, Marlene Wan, George Varghese, Vandana Prabhu, Jan Rabaey 17.1 Goals and General Approach 327 17.2 The Pleiades Platform – The Architecture Template 329 17.3 The Control Processor 331 17.4 Satellite Processors 332 17.5 Communication Network 334 17.6 Reconfiguration 338 17.7 Distributed Data-Driven Control 339 17.7.1 Control Mechanism for Handling Data Structures 342 17.7.2 Summary 345 17.8 The Pleiades Design Methodology 345 17.9 The P1 Prototype 348 17.9.1 P1 Benchmark Study 350 17.10 The Maia Processor 352 17.10.1 Control Processor 353 17.10.2 Address Generator Processor 353 17.10.3 Memory Units 354 17.10.4 Multiply-Accumulate Unit 354 17.10.5 Arithmetic/Logic Unit 354 17.10.6 Embedded FPGA 354 17.10.7 Maia Results 355 17.11 Summary 357 References 358 18 Application Specific Instruction Set Architecture Extensions for DSPs 361 Jean-Pierre Giacalone 18.1 The Need for Instruction Set Extensibility in a Signal Processor 361 18.2 ISA Extension Capability of the TMS320C55x Processor 362 18.2.1 Control Modes 364 18.2.2 Dataflow Modes 366 18.2.3 Typical C55x Extension Datapath Architecture 367 18.2.4 Integration in Software Development Tools 370 18.3 Domains of Applications and Practical Examples 372 18.4 ISA Extensions Design Flow 376 References 377 19 The Pointing Wireless Device for Delivery of Location Based Applications 379 Pamela Kerwin, John Ellenby and Jeffrey Jay 19.1 Next Generation Wireless Devices 379 19.2 The Platform 379 19.3 New Multimedia Applications 379 19.4 Location Based Information 380 19.5 Using Devices to Summon Information 380 19.6 Pointing to the Real World 380 19.7 Pointing Greatly Simplifies the User Interface 381 19.8 Uses of Pointing 382 19.9 Software Architecture 382 19.9.1 Introduction 382 19.9.2 Assumptions 382 19.9.3 Overview 383 19.9.4 Alternatives 383 19.10 Use of the DSP in the Pointing System 383 19.11 Pointing Enhanced Location Applications 384 19.11.1 Pedestrian Guidance 385 19.11.2 Pull Advertising 386 19.11.3 Entertainment 386 19.12 Benefits of Pointing 387 19.12.1 Wireless Yellow Pages 387 19.12.2 Internationalization 387 19.12.3 GIS Applications 387 19.12.4 Entertainment and Gaming 388 19.12.5 Visual Aiding and Digital Albums 388 19.13 Recommended Data Standardization 388 19.13.1 Consideration of Current Standards Efforts 388 19.13.2 Device Data Types and Tiered Services 388 19.13.3 Data Specifications 389 19.13.4 Data Format 391 19.13.5 Is it Sufficient? 393 19.14 Conclusion 393 Index 395