Terrified

List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii Acronyms xvii Chapter 1 1 The Cultural Environment of Collective Behavior 1 How Civil Society Organizations Create Cultural Change 5 The Argument 9 Studying Cultural Change with Big Data 11 Outline of the Book 12 Chapter 2 17 From the Slave Trade to the September 11th Attacks 17 Civil Society Organizations and Islam in Early American History 19 The Middle East Conflict 20 The Emergence of the Mainstream 23 The Foundation of the Fringe 28 Chapter 3 33 The September 11th Attacks and the Rise of Anti-Muslim Fringe Organizations 33 Shaping Shared Understandings of Islam in the Media 37 Making the News 38 Why Fringe Organizations Fascinate 39 Studying the Evolution of Shared Understandings of Islam in the Mass Media 42 Islam in the American Media, 2001-3 43 The Fearful Fringe 46 Chapter 4 53 The Rip Tide: Mainstream Muslim Organizations Respond 53 Condemning Terrorism 54 Condemning the Fringe 58 Splintering within the Mainstream 61 Chapter 5 67 Fringe Benefits: How Anti-Muslim Organizations Became Mainstream 67 Fringe Networks 68 From the Fringe to the Mainstream 72 How Fringe Organizations Became Authorities about Islam 76 Chapter 6 87 The Return of the Repressed in the Policy Process 87 Casting Mainstream Muslim Organizations as Radicals 89 Marginalizing Mainstream Muslims from the Policy Process 95 Barack Hussein Obama: The 2008 Election 97 Local Politics and the Growth of Anti-Shari'ah Legislation 99 Training Counterterrorism Agents 104 Chapter 7 109 Civil Society Organizations and Public Understandings of Islam 109 The Struggle to Shape American Public Attitudes toward Islam 110 Using Big Data to Study How Civil Society Organizations Shape Public Understandings of Islam 114 Anti-Mosque Activity 121 Chapter 8 131 The Evolution of Cultural Environments 131 Lost in Translation 133 Lessons Learned 134 The Evolution of Cultural Environments 139 Methodological Appendix 141 Sampling Civil Society Organizations and Press Releases 141 Mapping Cultural Environments 145 Measuring Social Psychological Processes 148 Tracing the Evolution of Culture Using Plagiarism Detection Software 149 Alternative Explanations of Cultural Change 151 In-Depth Interviews 156 Notes 159 References 189 Index 213