Systems Analysis and Design

Preface v Part 1 Planning Phase 1 The Systems Analyst and Information Systems Development, 3 Introduction, 4 The Systems Analyst, 6 Systems Analyst Skills, 6 Systems Analyst Roles, 7 The Systems Development Life Cycle, 8 Planning, 10 Analysis, 11 Design, 12 Implementation, 12 Project Identification and Initiation, 13 System Request, 15 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 16 Feasibility Analysis, 19 Technical Feasibility, 20 Economic Feasibility, 21 Organizational Feasibility, 27 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 29 Chapter Review, 31 Appendix 1A: Detailed Economic Feasibility Analysis for DrōnTeq, 35 2 Project Selection and Management, 37 Introduction, 38 Project Selection, 39 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 40 Creating the Project Plan, 41 Project Methodology Options, 42 Selecting the Appropriate Development Methodology, 49 Staffing the Project, 52 Staffing Plan, 52 Coordinating Project Activities, 55 Managing and Controlling the Project, 58 Refining Estimates, 58 Managing Scope, 60 Timeboxing, 60 Managing Risk, 61 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 62 Staffing the Project, 63 Coordinating Project Activities, 64 Chapter Review, 65 Part 2 Analysis Phase 3 Requirements Determination, 71 Introduction, 72 The Analysis Phase, 72 Requirements Determination, 74 What Is a Requirement?, 74 The Process of Determining Requirements, 78 The Requirements Definition Statement, 78 Requirements Elicitation Techniques, 80 Requirements Elicitation in Practice, 80 Interviews, 81 Joint Application Development (JAD), 88 Questionnaires, 92 Document Analysis, 94 Observation, 96 Selecting the Appropriate Techniques, 96 Requirements Analysis Strategies, 98 Problem Analysis, 98 Root Cause Analysis, 98 Duration Analysis, 100 Activity-Based Costing, 100 Informal Benchmarking, 100 Outcome Analysis, 101 Technology Analysis, 101 Activity Elimination, 102 Comparing Analysis Strategies, 103 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 103 Eliciting and Analyzing Requirements, 103 Requirements Definition, 104 System Proposal, 104 Chapter Review, 106 4 Understanding Processes with Use Cases and Process Models, 111 Introduction, 112 What Is a Use Case?, 113 The Use Case Concept in a Nutshell, 113 Use Case Formats and Elements, 114 Casual Use Case Format, 114 Use Cases in Sequence, 117 Applying Use Cases, 118 Use Case Practical Tips, 118 Use Cases and Functional Requirements, 119 Use Cases and Testing, 119 Creating Use Cases, 120 Identify the Major Use Cases, 120 Identify the Major Steps for Each Use Case, 122 Identify Elements within Steps, 125 Confirm the Use Case, 128 Revise Functional Requirements Based on Use Cases, 129 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 129 Identifying the Major Use Cases, 129 Elaborating on the Use Cases, 130 Data Flow Diagrams, 134 Reading Data Flow Diagrams, 134 Elements of Data Flow Diagrams, 136 Using Data Flow Diagrams to Define Business Processes, 139 Process Descriptions, 142 Creating Data Flow Diagrams, 144 Creating the Context Diagram, 145 Creating Data Flow Diagram Fragments, 146 Creating the Level 0 Data Flow Diagram, 148 Creating Level 1 Data Flow Diagrams (and Below), 149 Validating the Data Flow Diagrams, 152 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 156 Developing the Process Model, 156 Creating Data Flow Diagram Fragments, 156 Creating the Level 1 Data Flow Diagram, 157 Creating Level 2 Data Flow Diagrams (and Below), 159 Validating the Data Flow Diagrams, 160 Chapter Review, 161 5 Data Modeling, 169 Introduction, 170 The Entity Relationship Diagram, 170 Reading an Entity Relationship Diagram, 171 Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram, 172 The Data Dictionary and Metadata, 177 Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram, 179 Building Entity Relationship Diagrams, 179 Advanced Syntax, 182 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 184 Validating an Entity Relationship Diagram, 188 Design Guidelines, 188 Normalization, 191 Balancing Entity Relationship Diagrams with Data Flow Diagrams, 191 Chapter Review, 193 Appendix 5A: Normalizing The Data Model, 196 Part 3 Design Phase 6 Moving into Design, 203 Introduction, 204 Transition from Requirements to Design, 204 System Acquisition Strategies, 206 Custom Development, 208 Packaged Software, 209 Outsourcing, 210 Influences on the Acquisition Strategy, 213 Business Need, 213 In-House Experience, 214 Project Skills, 215 Project Management, 215 Time Frame, 215 Selecting an Acquisition Strategy, 215 Alternative Matrix, 216 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 218 Chapter Review, 220 7 Architecture Design, 222 Introduction, 223 Elements of an Architecture Design, 223 Architectural Components, 223 Client–Server Architectures, 224 Client–Server Tiers, 225 Server-Based Architecture, 227 Mobile Application Architecture, 228 Advances in Architecture Configurations, 229 Comparing Architecture Options, 230 Creating an Architecture Design, 231 Operational Requirements, 231 Performance Requirements, 232 Security Requirements, 234 Access Control Requirements, 236 Cultural and Political Requirements, 239 Designing the Architecture, 241 Hardware and Software Specification, 243 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 245 Creating an Architecture Design, 245 Hardware and Software Specification, 246 Chapter Review, 247 8 User Interface Design, 250 Introduction, 251 The Usability Concept, 251 Principles for User Interface Design, 252 Layout, 252 Content Awareness, 254 Aesthetics, 255 Usage Level, 255 Consistency, 257 Minimize User Effort, 258 Special Issues of Touch Screen Interface Design, 258 User Interface Design Process, 259 Understand the Users, 260 Organize the Interface, 262 Define Standards, 265 Interface Design Prototyping, 266 Interface Evaluation/Testing, 268 Navigation Design, 272 Basic Principles, 272 Menu Tips, 273 Message Tips, 275 Input Design, 278 Basic Principles, 278 Input Tips, 280 Input Validation, 282 Output Design, 282 Basic Principles, 282 Types of Outputs, 284 Media, 286 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 287 Understand the Users, 287 Organize the Interface, 288 Define Standards, 289 Interface Template Design, 289 Develop Prototypes, 294 Interface Evaluation/Testing, 295 Chapter Review, 295 9 Program Design, 300 Introduction, 301 Moving from Logical to Physical Process Models, 301 The Physical Data Flow Diagram, 301 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 304 Designing Programs, 305 Structure Chart, 308 Syntax, 309 Building the Structure Chart, 312 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 314 Design Guidelines, 318 Program Specification, 324 Syntax, 324 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 327 Chapter Review, 330 10 Data Storage Design, 336 Introduction, 337 Data Storage Formats, 337 Files, 338 Databases, 340 Selecting a Storage Format, 344 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 346 Moving from Logical to Physical Data Models, 347 The Physical Entity Relationship Diagram, 347 Revisiting the CRUD Matrix, 350 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 351 Optimizing Data Storage, 351 Optimizing Storage Efficiency, 354 Optimizing Access Speed, 356 Estimating Storage Size, 360 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 362 Chapter Review, 364 Part 4 Implementation Phase 11 Moving into Implementation, 369 Introduction, 369 Managing the Programming Process, 370 Assigning Programming Tasks, 370 Coordinating Activities, 371 Managing the Schedule, 372 Testing, 372 Test Planning, 374 Unit Tests, 374 Integration Tests, 377 System Tests, 377 Acceptance Tests, 377 Developing Documentation, 379 Types of Documentation, 380 Designing Documentation Structure, 380 Writing Documentation Topics, 382 Identifying Navigation Terms, 383 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 385 Managing Programming, 385 Testing, 385 Developing User Documentation, 386 Chapter Review, 389 12 Transition to the New System, 391 Introduction, 391 Making the Transition to the New System, 392 The Migration Plan, 393 Selecting the Conversion Strategy, 394 Preparing a Business Contingency Plan, 398 Preparing the Technology, 399 Preparing People for the New System, 400 Understanding Resistance to Change, 400 Revising Management Policies, 402 Assessing Costs and Benefits, 402 Motivating Adoption, 405 Enabling Adoption: Training, 406 Postimplementation Activities, 409 System Support, 409 System Maintenance, 410 Project Assessment, 412 Applying the Concepts at DrōnTeq, 414 Implementation Process, 414 Preparing the People, 414 Postimplementation Activities, 414 Chapter Review, 415 13 Agile Development Methods, 418 Introduction, 418 Origins of Agile, 419 Evolution of Agile Development, 420 Adoption of the Agile Approach, 421 Benefits of Agile Methods, 421 Adoption of Specific Agile Methodologies, 421 Scrum, 422 Overview of Scrum, 422 Scrum Characteristics, 424 Scrum Roles, 424 Scrum Features, 426 Scrum Processes, 430 How Does Scrum End?, 434 Other Types of Agile Methodologies, 434 Crystal Development Methodology, 434 Dynamic Systems Development Methodology, 435 Feature Driven Development, 435 Lean Software Development, 436 Comparing the SDLC with Agile Methodologies, 436 Chapter Review, 437 Index I-1