Most modern surfactants are readily biodegradable and exhibit low toxicity in the aquatic environment, the two criteria for green surfactants. However the majority are synthesised from petroleum, so over the past decade the detergent industry has turned its attention to developing greener routes to create these surfactants via renewable building blocks.
Surfactants from Renewable Resources presents the latest research and commercial applications in the emerging field of sustainable surfactant chemistry, with emphasis on production technology, surface chemical properties, biodegradability, ecotoxicity, market trends, economic viability and life-cycle analysis.
Reviewing traditional sources for renewable surfactants as well as recent advances, this text focuses on techniques with potential for large scale application.
Topics covered include:
Renewable hydrophobes from natural fatty acids and forest industry by-products Renewable hydrophiles from carbohydrates, amino acids and lactic acid New ways of making renewable building blocks; ethylene from renewable resources and complex mixtures from waste biomass Biosurfactants Surface active polymers
This book is a valuable resource for industrial researchers in companies that produce and use surfactants, as well as academic researchers in surface and polymer chemistry, sustainable chemistry and chemical engineering.
Series Preface xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvii List of Contributors xix Part 1 Renewable Hydrophobes 1 1 Surfactants Based on Natural Fatty Acids 3 Martin Svensson 1.1 Introduction and History 3 1.2 Fats and Oils as Raw Materials 4 1.3 Fatty Acid Soaps 5 1.4 Polyethylene Glycol Fatty Acid Esters 10 1.5 Polyglycerol Fatty Acid Esters 11 1.6 Conclusions 13 References 15 2 Nitrogen Derivatives of Natural Fats and Oils 21 Ralph Franklin 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Manufacture of Fatty Nitrogen Derivatives 22 2.3 Production Data 30 2.4 Ecological Aspects 30 2.5 Biodegradation 31 2.6 Properties of Nitrogen-Based Surfactants 33 2.7 Applications 35 2.8 Conclusions 39 References 40 3 Surface-Active Compounds as Forest-Industry By-Products 45 Bjarne Holmbom, Anna Sundberg and Anders Strand 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Resin and Fatty Acids 46 3.3 Sterols and Sterol Ethoxylates 54 3.4 Hemicelluloses 56 Acknowledgements 58 References 59 Part 2 Renewable Hydrophiles 63 4 Surfactants Based on Carbohydrates and Proteins for Consumer Products and Technical Applications 65 Karlheinz Hill 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Raw Materials 65 4.3 Products and Applications 67 4.4 Conclusion 81 Acknowledgements 81 References 81 5 Amino Acids, Lactic Acid and Ascorbic Acid as Raw Materials for Biocompatible Surfactants 85 Carmen Moran, Lourdes Perez, Ramon Pons, Aurora Pinazo and Maria Rosa Infante 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Production of Raw Materials 86 5.3 Lysine-Based Surfactants 87 5.4 Lactic Acid-Based Surfactants 94 5.5 Ascorbic Acid-Based Surfactants 97 References 100 Part 3 New Ways of Making Renewable Building Blocks 109 6 Ethylene from Renewable Resources 111 Anna Lundgren and Thomas Hjertberg 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Why Produce Ethylene from Renewable Resources? 113 6.3 Production of Ethylene from Renewable Feedstock 115 6.4 Commercialization of Bioethylene 121 6.5 Environmental Impact of Bioethylene 123 6.6 Certificate of Green Carbon Content 124 6.7 Concluding Remarks 125 References 125 7 Fermentation-Based Building Blocks for Renewable Resource-Based Surfactants 127 Kris Arvid Berglund, Ulrika Rova and David B. Hodge 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 Existing and Potential Classes of Surfactants from Biologically Derived Metabolites 129 7.3 Fermentation-Based Building Blocks with Large Existing Markets 131 7.4 New Fermentation-Based Building Blocks 133 7.5 Conclusion 138 References 138 Part 4 Biosurfactants 143 8 Synthesis of Surfactants Using Enzymes 145 Patrick Adlercreutz and Rajni Hatti-Kaul 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Enzymes as Catalysts for Synthesis of Surfactants 146 8.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of Polar Lipids Useful as Surfactants 147 8.4 Carbohydrate Esters 148 8.5 Fatty Amide Surfactants 151 8.6 Amino Acid-Based Surfactants 155 8.7 Alkyl Glycosides 158 8.8 Future Prospects 160 Acknowledgements 161 References 161 9 Surfactants from Waste Biomass 167 Flor Yunuen García-Becerra, David Grant Allen and Edgar Joel Acosta 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Surfactants Obtained from Biological Transformation of Waste Biomass 168 9.3 Surfactants Obtained from Chemical Transformation of Waste Biomass 177 9.4 Summary and Outlook 185 References 185 10 Lecithin and Other Phospholipids 191 Willem van Nieuwenhuyzen 10.1 Introduction 191 10.2 Sources and Production 191 10.3 Composition 195 10.4 Quality and Analysis of Lecithins 196 10.5 Modification 198 10.6 Emulsifying Properties 203 10.7 Applications 206 10.8 Legislation and Reach 209 10.9 Conclusion 211 References 211 11 Sophorolipids and Rhamnolipids 213 Dirk W. G. Develter and Steve J. J. Fleurackers 11.1 Sophorolipids 213 11.2 Derivatives of Native Sophorolipids 224 11.3 Biosynthesis of Novel Sophorolipids 227 11.4 Rhamnolipids 230 11.5 Cleaning Applications Using Sophorolipids and Rhamnolipids 234 References 236 12 Saponin-Based Surfactants 239 Wieslaw Oleszek and Arafa Hamed 12.1 Introduction 239 12.2 Molecular Properties 240 12.3 Sources of Saponins 242 12.4 Saponins as Emulsifiers and Surfactants 242 12.5 Application of Saponins as Surfactants and Emulsifiers 245 Acknowledgements 248 References 248 Part 5 Polymeric Surfactants/Surface-Active Polymers 251 13 Surface-Active Polymers from Cellulose 253 Leif Karlson 13.1 Introduction 253 13.2 Structure and Synthesis of Cellulose Ether 254 13.3 Cellulose Ethers in Aqueous Solution 257 13.4 Interaction with Surfactants 262 13.5 Clouding 263 References 265 14 New Developments in the Commercial Utilization of Lignosulfonates 269 Rolf Andreas Lauten, Bernt O. Myrvold and Stig Are Gundersen 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 Lignosulfonates 269 14.3 Lignosulfonate Production 271 14.4 Environmental Issues 272 14.5 Lignosulfonates as Stabilizers for Emulsions and Suspoemulsions 274 14.6 Superplasticizers for Concrete 279 14.7 Summary 280 Acknowledgements 281 References 281 15 Dispersion Stabilizers Based on Inulin 285 Tharwat Tadros and Bart Levecke 15.1 Introduction 285 15.2 Solution Properties of Long-Chain Inulin and Hydrophobically Modified Inulin (HMI) 288 15.3 Interfacial Aspects of HMI at Various Interfaces 289 15.4 Emulsions Stabilized Using HMI 290 15.5 Emulsion Polymerization Using HMI 293 15.6 Use of HMI for Preparation and Stabilization of Nanoemulsions 295 References 300 Index 303
Dr Mikael Kjellin is based at the Institute for Surface Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden, which works with many industrial branches including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, biotech, food, industrial chemicals, household products, engineering and materials industries, pulp and paper, coatings, adhesives, paints, and printing. In addition, Dr Kjellin is the coordinator of the research centre SNAP, which aims to build from an industrial need, long-term knowledge and experience relating to new environmentally safe surfactants derived entirely or partly from natural products. Ingegard.Johansson is a research scientists based at Akzo Nobel Surfactants Europe in Sweden.
Reviews for Surfactants from Renewable Resources
"""The book is highly concentrated on technical aspects with big expertise in the different production technologies, it aims to be used as a chemical and technical reference for industrial and academic researchers in this field."" (Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology, 30 August 2011)"
