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Strengths and Weaknesses of Two Theories for Explaining 15 Universal Sex Differences in Cognition and Behavior

Lee Ellis (University of Malaya)

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Hardback

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English
Cambridge University Press
11 September 2025
Social role theory and evolutionary neuroandrogenic (ENA) theory are compared regarding how well they can explain 15 cognitive and behavioral sex differences that appear to be present in all human cultures. In essence, social role theory argues that, except for males being larger and more muscular and only females being able to bear children, cognitive and behavioral differences between the sexes result from sociocultural training and expectations. On the other hand, ENA theory attributes sex differences in cognition and behavior to evolved differential exposure of male and female brains to sex hormones, especially testosterone. The existence of 15 nearly certain universal sex differences in cognitive and behavioral traits was documented in a recently published book based on findings from over 40,000 empirical studies. This Element documents that, while both theories have explanatory power, ENA theory surpasses social role theory in explaining the universality of most of the 15 traits.
By:  
Imprint:   Cambridge University Press
Country of Publication:   United Kingdom
Weight:   500g
ISBN:   9781009581004
ISBN 10:   1009581007
Series:   Elements in Applied Evolutionary Science
Pages:   84
Publication Date:  
Audience:   General/trade ,  ELT Advanced
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
1. Methodology; 2. Two theories for explaining universal sex differences; 3. Applying social role theory and ENA theory to each one of the fifteen nearly certain universal sex differences in cognition and behavior; 4. Discussion; 5. Conclusions; References.

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