Solar Pumping

1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Purpose of this book 1 1.2. The first decade of PV pumping 1 2. WHEN TO USE SOLAR PUMPS 4 2.1. Energy requirements for water pumping 4 2.2. Solar energy 7 2.3. Typical water pumping applications 7 2.4. Physical and economic factors 9 2.5. Case Studies 12 3. SOLAR PUMPING TECHNOLOGY 18 3.1. Introduction to Photovoltaics 18 3.2. Photovoltaic arrays 20 3.3. Motors and pumps 23 3.4. Power conditioning 30 3.5. Storage and distribution 31 3.6. Operation and performance 35 4. AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT 38 4.1. Range 38 4.2. Operational specifications 40 4.3. System costs 40 4.4. Component costs 46 4.5. Specimen systems for typical loads 48 4.6. Future trends in costs 49 5. GENERAL FIELD EXPERIENCE 50 5.1. Characteristics of installations 50 5.2. Performance 56 5.3. Reliability 59 5.4. Non-economic factors 60 6. SITE AND SYSTEM EVALUATION FOR VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY 62 6.1. Physical system layout 64 6.2. Groundwater resources 64 6.3. The solar resource 67 6.4. Water requirements 69 6.5. Array sizing 71 6.6. Estimating performance 75 7. SITE AND SYSTEM EVALUATION FOR IRRIGATION PUMPING 79 7.1. Physical system layout 80 7.2. Crop water requirements 82 7.3. Array sizing 86 7.4. Performance and optimisation 87 8. PRACTICAL COST APPRAISAL 91 8.1. Economic evaluation 91 8.2. Cost appraisal of water pumping 96 8.3 Guidance on Costs 103 9. IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION 107 9.1. System selection 107 9.2. Procurement 108 9.3. Installation and operation Ill 9.4. Maintenance 112 9.5. Monitoring and evaluation 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY 114 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 116 APPENDICES Appendix A: Global daily isolation maps 121 Appendix B: Summary of manufacturers data 126 Appendix C: List of major manufacturers and distributors 130 Appendix D: Specimen systems for given pumping scenarios 131 Appendix E: Breakdown of system costs by configuration 135 Appendix F: Discount factors for life-cycle cost analyses 137 Appendix G: Quick reference data for wind, diesel and hand pumping 139 Appendix H: Example of a PV pump life-cycle costing 145 Appendix I: The economics of PV pumping 148