Michael Carley, at the time of original publication, was a Fellow of the Policy Studies Institute in London. He had studied at Michigan State University, the University of British Columbia, and the London School of Economics. He gained first-hand experience of the political and theoretical difficulties in using social data for decision-making while working in Canada as a management and planning consultant to government in the field of resource development. His research interests at the time included policy analysis, social measurement and social impact assessment.