William J. Bolen earned a Ph.D. in cultural geography from Rutgers University. He completed his dissertation on the impact of Italian immigrants in transforming the US cultural landscape, including a detailed analysis of the Italian Ironbound colony in Newark, New Jersey, at the turn of the twentieth century. Dr. Bolen has spent the past twelve years researching cultural biases and gender differences in footwear. In the years to come, he anticipates a trend toward gender-neutral shoes and clothing.