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English
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
06 March 2026
With their distinctive and other-worldly appearance, runes--an ancient alphabet used to write Germanic languages--provide our only first-hand record of the customs and beliefs of peoples living on the northern fringe of the Roman Empire during a period of mass migration and momentous social upheaval. Emerging from obscure origins early in the first millennium, the runic script found new roles in Early Medieval England and Viking-Age Scandinavia, bearing witness to changing faiths, documenting the exploits of Norse settlers and mercenaries as they redrew the map of Europe, and giving us a rare window into the lives of medieval merchants in the North Atlantic. Runes: A Concise History recounts the fascinating story of the runic script and its evolution, whilst using the information provided by runic inscriptions to trace some of the major events to shape the medieval North, from migration, settlement, and conquest to conversion and the beginnings of Old English literature. From salacious graffiti (including a rune stick mentioning the fact that 'Árni the priest wants to have Inga') and intimate inscriptions on jewelry (such as a charm on a lead plaque stating that an illness-causing dwarf is dead), to towering runestones expressing the power and prestige of Viking rulers, the stories told through runic objects offer insight into cultures on the peripheries of Europe as they came to shape the medieval world. Knowledge of runes travelled across the North Sea with Germanic tribes migrating from the Continent and the script proceeded to evolve differently in England, being used alongside the Roman alphabet for several centuries and coming to play a key role in Northumbria's Golden Age and the beginnings of an English literature. Here is the story of an extraordinary but little-known writing system that seems opaque to us yet offers a window on the wider social history of migration, settlement, and cultural exchange in pre-modern Europe.

Through six chapters focused on distinct periods, author Tom Birkett introduces the reader to some of the highlights of the runic corpus, including exciting objects only discovered in the last few years. Runes have come to increasing prominence through adaptations of Tolkien's fiction for the screen and their appropriation by the extreme right. This complex legacy of the reception and misuse of runes is an important facet of the cultural history of the script, and the final chapter brings the story of runes into the present day by addressing these many modern afterlives.
By:  
Imprint:   OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Country of Publication:   United States
Dimensions:   Height: 233mm,  Width: 124mm,  Spine: 23mm
Weight:   399g
ISBN:   9780197696057
ISBN 10:   0197696058
Pages:   216
Publication Date:  
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Further / Higher Education
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Acknowledgements List of Figures Introduction: Runes and Rune Writers 1. The Earliest Period of Runic Writing 2. The Younger Futhark: Runes in the Viking Age 3. Mind the Dots! Runes in Medieval Scandinavia 4. A Script Apart: The Runic Tradition in England 5. From Monument to Manuscript: Runes on the Page 6. Politics and Paganism: The Post-Medieval Reception of Runes Bibliography Index

Tom Birkett is Professor of Old English at University College Cork, Ireland. He completed his D.Phil. on runes in literature at the University of Oxford, and has published extensively on the runic script, Old English and Old Norse poetry, and the reception of medieval literature. In 2016-17, he ran a major project on the perception of the Vikings in Britain and Ireland and is currently leading a project mapping the reception of the Vikings across Europe funded by the European Research Council. His research is committed to breaking down the barriers between the academy and public medievalism, and he has spent several summers sailing with the Danish crew of the reconstructed Viking ship ""Sea Stallion.""

Reviews for Runes: A Concise History

A fascinating overview of runes, their varied meanings, and their many uses, both domestic and magical, throughout the ages: accessible, yet erudite, and filled with interesting detail. Perfect for anyone with an interest in pre-Roman scripts and the cultures that gave birth to them. * Joanna Harris, author of Runemarks, Runelight, The Gospel of Loki, and Chocolat * Just now and then scholar and subject seem born for each other. Paying proper homage to his predecessors, Tom Birkett tackles the thorny hedge of runes (at once magical and everyday) with great gusto, playfulness, and authority, as well as offering a succinct description and assessment of runic revivalism. * Kevin Crossley-Holland, author of The Norse Myths and translator of Anglo-Saxon poetry * Written with Birkett's characteristic intelligence and eloquence, this is a fascinating, beautifully composed history of the runic script. This is the book I will be recommending to anyone who wishes to learn about runes, their origins, and their many manifestations across centuries and cultures. * Eleanor Barraclough, author of Embers of the Hands: Hidden Histories of the Viking Age * Tom Birkett's wonderfully comprehensive and engaging history of runes traces a fascinating story from their mysterious beginnings, through centuries of use for formal * and sometimes very informal!inscriptions throughout Europe in the Middle Ages, and right up to their misconceived adoption by New Age groups as fortune-telling symbols, and their malign misuse in Nazi and neo-Nazi iconography. Birkett's scholarship and judgement are impeccable, and his enthusiasm illuminates every page.Heather O'Donoghue, Professor Emerita of Old Norse, Linacre College, Oxford *


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