Role of Biomarkers in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutics

I. Biomarkers in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 1. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) 2. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) 3. Tissue Polypeptide-Specific Antigen (TPS) CA72-4 4. Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) 5. Carbohydrate Antigen 125 (CA-125) 6. Carbohydrate Antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) 7. Aminopeptidase N 8. Alkaline Phosphatase 9. CD26/Dipeptidyl Peptidase (DPP)4 10. Genetic Biomarkers in Cancer 11. Immunology Biomarkers in Cancer 12. Microbiome Biomarkers in Cancer 13. Glycobiology Biomarkers in Cancer 14. Epigenetic Biomarkers in Cancer II. Metabolic Targets and Cancer Therapeutics 15. Introduction to Metabolic Targets and Autophagy 16. Glucose Metabolism – Hexokinase-2 (HK2), Lactate Dehydrogenase A (LDHA), Pyruvate Kinase M2 Isoform (PKM2), Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDK), Glucose Transporter, Enolase 1 (ENO1), and Monocarboxylate Transporter (MCT1) 17. Nucleic Acid Metabolism – Folate Cycle, Nucleotide Incorporation (DNA Polymerase/Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR)), Deoxynucleotide Synthesis (RNR), and Thymidine Synthesis (TYMS) 18. Amino Acid Metabolism – Arginine and Asparagine, Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase (Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3)) 19. Glucose and Amino Acid Metabolism - Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-1 (IDH-1) 20. Glucose, Nucleic Acid, Fatty Acid, and Amino Acid Metabolism – Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) III. Miscellaneous Cancer Therapeutic Approaches 21. Targeting DNA Repair Pathways – O-6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT), Base Excision Repair, Double Strand Breaks Repair, and mtDNA Repair 22. Cell Cycle Inhibition – Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs), and G1 Checkpoint 23. Topoisomerase-Induced DNA Damage and Therapeutic Potential 24. Polo-like Kinase 4 (PLK4) Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy 25. Synthetic Lethality by Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors 26. Innovative Therapeutic Approaches