From a founding figure in the field, the definitive introduction to an exciting new science.
What do the sounds of a chorus of tropical birds and frogs, a clap of thunder, and a cacophony of urban traffic have in common? They are all components of a soundscape, acoustic environments that have been identified by scientists as a combination of the biophony, geophony, and anthrophony, respectively, of all of Earth’s sound sources. As sound is a ubiquitous occurrence in nature, it is actively sensed by most animals and is an important way for them to understand how their environment is changing. For humans, environmental sound is a major factor in creating a psychological sense of place, and many forms of sonic expression by people embed knowledge and culture. In this book, soundscape ecology pioneer Bryan C. Pijanowski presents the definitive text for both students and practitioners who are seeking to engage with this thrilling new field. Principles of Soundscape Ecology clearly outlines soundscape ecology’s critical foundations, key concepts, methods, and applications. Fundamentals include concise and valuable descriptions of the physics of sound as well as a thorough elucidation of all sounds that occur on Earth. Pijanowski also presents a rich overview of the ecological, sociocultural, and technical theories that support this new science, illustrating the breadth of this amazingly transdisciplinary field. In methods, he describes the principles of data mining, signal processing, and mixed methods approaches used to study soundscapes in ecological, social, or socio-ecological contexts. The final section focuses on terrestrial, aquatic, urban, and music applications, demonstrating soundscape ecology’s utility in nearly all spaces.
By:
Dr. Bryan C. Pijanowski
Imprint: University of Chicago Press
Country of Publication: United States
Edition: 1
Dimensions:
Height: 229mm,
Width: 152mm,
Spine: 36mm
Weight: 767g
ISBN: 9780226824277
ISBN 10: 0226824276
Pages: 456
Publication Date: 28 May 2024
Audience:
Professional and scholarly
,
Undergraduate
Format: Hardback
Publisher's Status: Active
Preface Part I: Fundamentals Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Sounds Are a Universal Indicator of Change 1.2. What Is a Soundscape? 1.3. What Is Soundscape Ecology? 1.4. Intellectual Roots of Soundscape Ecology 1.5. Parallel Developments 1.6. How Soundscape Ecology May Address Global Environmental and Societal Grand Challenges 1.6.1. Confronting the Biodiversity Crisis 1.6.2. Improving Society’s Connectedness with Nature 1.6.3. Sustaining Sonic Practices as a Form of Traditional Ecological Knowledge 1.6.4. Planning for Healthy Living Spaces Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading Chapter 2: The Physics of Sound 2.1. Sound as a Wave 2.1.1. Key Terms 2.1.2. Longitudinal Waves 2.1.3. Transverse Waves 2.1.4. Ripple Waves 2.1.5. Other Phenomena Related to Mechanical Waves 2.1.6. Properties of All Mechanical Waves 2.2. Visualizing a Sound Recording 2.3. Recording Sound with Transducers 2.3.1. Microphones 2.3.2. Sound Files 2.4. Psychoacoustics 2.4.1. Pitch 2.4.2. Timbre 2.4.3. Loudness 2.4.4. Age and Gender Differences in Sound Sensitivity Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading Chapter 3: Sources of Sound in the Soundscape 3.1. Biological Sound Production and Perception 3.1.1. Animal Communication Terms 3.1.2. Acoustic Communication Repertoire 3.1.3. Onomatopoeia 3.1.4. Acoustic Communication by Taxonomic Group 3.2. Geophysical Sounds 3.2.1. Wind in Terrestrial Landscapes 3.2.2. Thunder 3.2.3. Precipitation in Terrestrial Landscapes 3.2.4. Flowing Water of Rivers and Streams 3.2.5. Earth Tremors 3.2.6. Sand Dunes 3.2.7. Geophysical Sounds in Oceans 3.2.8. Glaciers and Icebergs 3.3. Anthropogenic Sounds 3.3.1. Road Noise 3.3.2. Doppler Effect 3.3.3. Sirens 3.3.4. Horns 3.3.5. Construction Activity 3.3.6. Wind Turbines 3.3.7. Anthropogenic Transportation Hot Spots Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading Part II: Concepts Chapter 4: Sensory Ecology 4.1. Sensory Drive Framework 4.2. Sound Production in Animals 4.2.1. Morphological Adaptation Hypothesis 4.2.2. Acoustic Niche Hypothesis 4.2.3. Extended Communication Network Hypothesis 4.3. Propagation of Animal Communication 4.3.1. Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis 4.3.2. Tests of the AAH 4.3.3. The Lombard Effect 4.4. Sound Reception by Animals 4.4.1. Auditory Filters 4.4.2. Auditory Filter Hypothesis 4.5. Critique of the Current Acoustic Niche Hypothesis 4.6. Geophonic Concepts 4.6.1. Considerations 4.6.2. Geophonies Reflect Broad Patterns of Climate Dynamics 4.6.3. Influence of Geophony on Biophonies Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading Chapter 5: Spatial Ecologies 5.1. Landscape Ecology 5.1.1. Guiding Principles of Landscape Ecology 5.1.2. Measuring Landscapes 5.1.3. Landscapes and Biodiversity 5.1.4. Relevance of Landscape Ecology to Soundscape Ecology 5.2. Biogeography 5.2.1. Understanding All Levels of Biological Organization 5.2.2. Biomes/Life Zones/Ecoregions 5.2.3. Global Patterns of Organismal Traits 5.2.4. Geological History of Land 5.2.5. Intersection of Biogeography and Soundscape Ecology 5.3. Conservation Biology 5.3.1. Origins of Modern Western Conservation Thinking 5.3.2. Twenty-First-Century Motivation for the Conservation of Nature 5.3.3. Protected Area Typologies and Major Conservation Organizations 5.3.4. Characteristics of Modern Western Conservation Biology 5.3.5. Monitoring and Assessment in Conservation Science 5.3.6. Conservation Planning Approaches 5.3.7. Sociocultural Dimensions of Conservation Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading Chapter 6: Sociocultural Concepts 6.1. The Key Concept of Perception 6.2. Ethnomusicology and the Anthropology of Music 6.2.1. Fundamentals of Ethnomusicology 6.2.2. Sensory Ethnography 6.2.3. Acoustic Ecology and Schafer’s Soundscape 6.2.4. Ecomusicology 6.2.5. Ecoethnomusicology 6.2.6. Extending Ethnography to Include Soundscapes and Sonic Practices 6.3. Sensuous Geography 6.4. Sense of Place Studies 6.5. Traditional Ecological Knowledge 6.5.1. The TEK Complex 6.5.2. TEK and Science 6.5.3. TEK Transmission 6.5.4. TEK and the Future 6.6. Nature Connectedness and Relatedness 6.7. Affective Qualities of Soundscapes 6.8. Attention Restoration Theory and Related Concepts 6.9. Soundscapes as Coupled Human and Natural Systems Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading Chapter 7: Data Science Concepts 7.1. Big Data and Soundscape Ecology 7.1.1. Key Terms of Data Science 7.1.2. Key Statistical Terms 7.2. Characteristics of Big Data 7.2.1. Volume 7.2.2. Velocity 7.2.3. Variety 7.2.4. Veracity 7.2.5. Variability 7.2.6. Value 7.3. Soundscape Analytics 7.3.1. Basic Terms 7.3.2. Data Types 7.3.3. An Archetypal Data Analysis Pipeline 7.4. Data Management 7.4.1. Basic Terms and Concepts 7.4.2. Querying 7.5. Textual Analysis 7.5.1. Forms of Textual Analysis 7.5.2. Textual Features 7.6. Software Tools 7.6.1. Database Management Tools 7.6.2. Operating Systems 7.6.3. Analysis Tools 7.6.4. Visualization Tools 7.7. Client-Server-Cloud Technologies 7.8. A Fourth Paradigm of Science? Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading Chapter 8: Soundscape Ecology as a Nexus 8.1. Expanding the Definition of the Soundscape 8.1.1. Definition 8.1.2. Physical Dimension 8.1.3. Experiential Dimension 8.2. Guiding Principles of Soundscape Ecology 8.2.1. Sound Sources 8.2.2. Forces That Drive the Dynamics of Soundscapes 8.2.3. Doing Soundscape Ecological Research 8.3. Organizing Hypotheses for Soundscape Ecology 8.3.1. Biologically Focused Hypotheses 8.3.2. Geophonically Focused Hypotheses 8.3.3. Anthrophonically Focused Hypotheses 8.4. Extensions to Existing Ecological and Social Science Theories 8.4.1. Conservation Biology and Soundscape Ecology 8.4.2. Synergies between Spatial Ecologies and Biophonic Patterns 8.4.3. Extending Sense of Place Frameworks to Include Soundscapes 8.4.4. CHANS, TEK, and Soundscapes 8.4.5. Derived Benefits of Natural Soundscapes 8.4.6. Soundscapes and Principles of Natural Resource Management 8.4.7. Soundscapes as Common Pool Resources Summary Discussion Questions Part III: Methods Chapter 9: Measuring the Soundscape 9.1. Passive Acoustic Recorders 9.1.1. Standard Architecture 9.1.2. Deployment Considerations 9.2. Recording Parameters 9.3. Sensor Networks and Sensor Arrays 9.4. Soundscape Indices 9.4.1. Intensity Indices 9.4.2. Acoustic Events and Features 9.4.3. Acoustic Indices 9.4.4. Sound Types 9.5. Aural Annotation 9.5.1. Aims of Annotation Methods 9.5.2. Annotation Settings 9.5.3. Visualizing Long-Term Recordings 9.5.4. Soundscape Content 9.5.5. Perceptions 9.5.6. Qualitative Information 9.5.7. Bias 9.6. Phases, Transitions, Triggers, and Cycles of Soundscapes 9.7. Supplemental In Situ Survey Data 9.7.1. Animal Surveys 9.7.2. Vegetation Surveys 9.8. Quantifying the Landscape for Soundscape Research 9.8.1. Quantifying Landscape Structure and Dynamics 9.8.2. Associating Landscapes with Soundscapes 9.8.3. Acoustic Phenology Models 9.9. Qualitative Methods: Measuring Soundscape Perception 9.9.1. Key Terms 9.9.2. Grounded Theory 9.9.3. Knowledge Co-production 9.9.4. Interviews 9.9.5. Soundwalks 9.9.6. Surveys and Questionnaires 9.9.7. Participant Observation 9.9.8. Mapping Cultural Places 9.9.9. Ethical Considerations for Qualitative Research 9.10. Mixed Methods Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading Chapter 10: Analyzing Soundscape Data 10.1. Data Cleansing 10.2. Data Characterization 10.2.1. Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate Analyses 10.2.2. Visualizing Trends 10.3. Reduction of Dimensionality 10.3.1. Linear Dimensionality Reduction Models 10.3.2. Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction Models 10.4. Data Sampling 10.4.1. Simple Random Sampling 10.4.2. Stratified Random Sampling 10.4.3. Cluster Sampling 10.4.4. Systematic Sampling 10.4.5. k-Fold Sampling 10.5. Data Mining 10.5.1. Classification 10.5.2. Clustering 10.5.3. Association Analytics 10.5.4. Time Series 10.6. General Predictive Analytics 10.6.1. Predictive Modeling Phases 10.6.2. Accuracy Metrics for Predictive Models 10.7. Narrative Analysis 10.7.1. Key Terms 10.7.2. Textual Data Mining 10.7.3. Content Analysis Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading Part IV: Applications Chapter 11: Terrestrial Applications 11.1. Acoustic Indices: Assessments 11.2. Landscape-Soundscape Relationships 11.3. Soundscape Research in Support of Biodiversity Assessments 11.4. Soundscapes, Wildlife, People, and Noise in Protected Areas Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading Chapter 12: Aquatic Soundscape Ecology 12.1. Brief History of Acoustic Monitoring of Oceans 12.2. Importance of Sound to Aquatic Organisms and Other Considerations 12.3. Acoustic Indices: Assessments in Marine Systems 12.4. Assessments of Freshwater Soundscapes 12.5. Noise in Aquatic Systems and in Marine Protected Areas Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading Chapter 13: Urban Soundscapes 13.1. Major Sources of Sound in the Urban Soundscape: Working Taxonomies 13.2. Patterns of Sounds in the Urban Landscape 13.3. Measuring and Understanding Human Perceptions of the Urban Landscape 13.4. Urban Planning and Soundscapes 13.4.1. Global Guidelines 13.4.2. European Union’s Environmental Noise Directive 13.4.3. United States Noise Control and Abatement Act of 1972 13.4.4. Other Countries 13.4.5. Research on Soundscape Planning in Urban Landscapes Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading Chapter 14: Sociocultural Soundscapes 14.1. Acoustic Ecology and the World Soundscape Project 14.2. Soundscape Composers 14.3. Soundscape Composition and Ethnography 14.4. Sonification of Data 14.4.1. Digital Sonification 14.4.2. Instrumental Sonification 14.5. Sonic Ecologies: A Multidisciplinary Framework for Public Engagement 14.6. Ecoethnomusicology 14.6.1. Ecomusicology and Ecoethnomusicology 14.6.2. Case Studies in Ecoethnomusicology 14.7. Environmental Psychology and Soundscapes 14.7.1. Attention Restoration Theory and Soundscapes 14.7.2. Nature Relatedness and Soundscapes Summary Discussion Questions Further Reading References Index
Bryan C. Pijanowski is professor of forestry and natural resources at Purdue University, where he is also director of the Center for Global Soundscapes. He is the executive producer of the interactive IMAX experience film Global Soundscapes: Mission to Record the Earth and has authored more than 170 articles appearing in outlets such as BioScience, Landscape Ecology, Ecological Indicators, Ecological Informatics, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal of Applied Ecology, and Science of the Total Environment. His “mission to record the Earth” is to study, using soundscapes, all thirty-two major biomes of the world. At press time, he has four more to go. Pijanowski’s work has been featured by CNN, PBS’s NOVA, NPR’s Science Friday, New York Times Magazine, Science News, and the Weather Channel.
Reviews for Principles of Soundscape Ecology: Discovering Our Sonic World
“This book significantly extends the application of soundscape concepts, methodologies, and tools to the analysis, characterization, and interpretation of very different environments. A distinctive contribution.” -- Lex Brown, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University “Principles of Soundscape Ecology responds to a growing need for grounding this field in standardized terminology and practice, as well as providing inspiration for research avenues in transdisciplinary collaborations. It will be eagerly plucked off digital and university library shelves.” -- Rose Keller, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
