Principles of Health Care Ethics

List of Contributors xi Foreword: Raanan E. Gillon xix Foreword: Tony Hope xxi Preface xxiii PART I: METHODOLOGY AND PERSPECTIVES Introduction by John R. McMillan 1 1 The 'Four Principles' Approach to Health Care Ethics 3 Tom L. Beauchamp 2 Theories of Autonomy 11 Natalie Stoljar 3 Benefi cence 19 Garrett Cullity 4 Responsibilities for Poverty-Related Ill Health 27 Thomas Pogge 5 Liberalism and Communitarianism 35 Colin Tyler 6 How Many Principles for Bioethics? 43 Robert M. Veatch 7 Casuistical Reasoning in Medical Ethics 51 Albert R. Jonsen 8 Utilitarianism and Bioethics 57 Matti Häyry 9 Deontology 65 David A. McNaughton and J. Piers Rawling 10 Kantian Ethics 73 Onora O'Neill 11 Feminist Approaches to Health Care Ethics 79 Susan Sherwin 12 Virtue Theory 87 Justin Oakley 13 Moral Relativism 93 Mark Sheehan 14 Christian Approaches to Bioethics 99 Heather Widdows 15 Judaism and Medicine: Jewish Medical Ethics 109 Fred Rosner 16 The Search for Islamic Bioethics Principles 117 Abdulaziz Sachedina 17 Buddhist Bioethics 127 James Hughes 18 South Asian Approaches to Health Care Ethics 135 Harold Coward 19 The Specious Idea of an Asian Bioethics: Beyond Dichotomizing East and West 143 Jing-Bao Nie 20 Narrative Ethics 151 Howard Brody 21 Empirical Approaches to Health Care Ethics 159 Jeremy Sugarman, Robert A. Pearlman, Holly A. Taylor 22 Medical Sociology and the Redundancy of Empirical Ethics 167 Adam Hedgecoe 23 The Use of Thought Experiments in Health Care Ethics 177 Adrian Walsh 24 Deliberative Bioethics 185 Michael Parker 25 Law, Ethics and Health Care 193 Sheila A.M. McLean 26 Medical Humanities: An Overview 199 Martyn Evans 27 Reflective Equilibrium as a Method in Health Care Ethics 207 Theo van Willigenburg 28 Hermeneutic Ethics between Practice and Theory 215 Guy A.M. Widdershoven, Tineke A. Abma 29 Paternalism in Health Care and Health Policy 223 James F. Childress 30 Need: An Instrumental View 231 Anthony J. Culyer 31 Rights 239 James G.S. Wilson 32 Exploitation in Health Care 247 Alan Wertheimer 33 Competence to Consent 255 Monique F. Jonas 34 The Doctrine of Double Effect 263 Suzanne Uniacke 35 Ordinary and Extraordinary Means 269 Stephen D. John 36 Acts and Omissions 273 Tuija Takala 37 Personhood and Moral Status 277 Ainsley J. Newson 38 Commodifi cation 285 Stephen Wilkinson PART II: ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE PRACTICE Introduction by Heather Draper 293 39 Consent and Informed Consent 297 Neil C. Manson 40 Treatment Decisions for Incapacitated Patients 305 Rebecca S. Dresser 41 Children's Consent to Medical Treatment 311 David W. Archard 42 Patients and Disclosure of Surgical Risk 319 Justin Oakley 43 Confi dentiality 325 Rebecca Bennett 44 Truth Telling, Lying and the Doctor-Patient Relationship 333 Roger Higgs 45 Personal Beliefs and Patient Care 339 Jennifer Jackson 46 Conscience and Health Care Ethics 345 Piers Benn 47 Care in Families 351 Hilde Lindemann 48 The Ethics of Primary Health Care 357 Annettee J. Braunack-Mayer 49 The Nurse-Patient Relationship: A 'Principles plus Care' Account 365 Steven D. Edwards 50 Dual Responsibilities: Do They Raise Any Different Ethical Issues from 'Normal' Therapeutic Relationships? 371 Ann Sommerville and Veronica English 51 Violent and Abusive Patients: An Ethically Informed Response 379 G.M. Behr, J.S. Emmanuel, J.P. Ruddock 52 The Moral Signifi cance of the Human Foetus 387 Norman Ford 53 Will We Need Abortion in Utopia? 393 Adrienne Asch 54 Maternal-Foetal Confl ict 401 Rosamund Scott 55 Limits to Reproductive Liberty 409 Thomas H. Murray 56 Disability without Denial 415 Tom Sorell 57 Disability and Equity: Should Difference Be Welcomed? 421 Tom Shakespeare 58 Genetic Counselling 427 Angus Clarke 59 Ethics and Psychotherapy: An Issue of Trust 435 Tim Bond 60 Mental Illness and Compulsory Treatment 443 John R. McMillan 61 Personality Disorders and Compulsory Detention 449 Matt Matravers 62 Labia mea, Domine: Media, Morality and Eating Disorders 455 Simona Giordano 63 Intellectual Disability 463 Pekka Louhiala 64 Ethical Issues and Health Care for Older People 469 Julian C. Hughes 65 Organs and Tissues for Transplantation and Research 475 David P.T. Price 66 Living Donor Organ Transplantation 483 Timothy M. Wilkinson 67 Euthanasia and Principled Health Care Ethics: From Confl ict to Compromise? 489 Richard Huxtable 68 Understanding and Misunderstanding Death 497 David Lamb 69 Ethics without Boundaries: Medical Tourism 505 Guido Pennings 70 Ethics of Performance Enhancement in Sport: Drugs and Gene Doping 511 Bennett Foddy, Julian Savulescu 71 Training Good Professionals: Ethics and Health Care Education 521 Nafsika Athanassoulis 72 Ethics Consultation and Ethics Committees 527 Anne Slowther PART III: MEDICINE IN SOCIETY Introduction by Angus Dawson 535 73 The Concepts of Health and Illness 537 Lennart Y. Nordenfelt 74 Community in Public Health Ethics 543 Bruce Jennings 75 Health Promotion, Society and Health Care Ethics 549 Alan Cribb 76 Preventing Disease 557 Marcel Verweij 77 Quantitative Methods for Priority-Setting in Health: Ethical Issues 563 Daniel Wikler, Dan W. Brock, Sarah Marchand, and Tessa Tan Torres 78 Economics, Political Philosophy and Ethics: The Role of Public Preferences in Health Care Decision-Making 569 Jeff Richardson, John McKie 79 Decision Analysis: The Ethical Approach to Most Health Decision Making 577 Jack Dowie 80 Health Inequities and the Social Determinants of Health 585 Wendy Rogers 81 Organizational Ethics in Health Care 593 Jacob E. Kurlander, Marion Danis 82 Ethical Issues in Epidemiology 601 Steven S. Coughlin 83 Screening: Ethical Aspects 607 Niklas Juth, Christian Munthe 84 Vaccination Ethics 617 Angus Dawson 85 The Patient as Victim and Vector: Bioethics and the Challenge of Infectious Diseases 623 Margaret P. Battin, Linda S. Carr-Lee, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, Charles B. Smith 86 Bioterrorism, Society and Health Care Ethics 631 Michael J. Selgelid 87 Drug Addiction, Society and Ethics 639 Wayne Hall, Adrian Carter 88 Smoking: Is Acceptance of the Risks Fully Voluntary? 647 Robert E. Goodin 89 Doctors and Human Rights 655 Doris Schroeder 90 Duties to Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Host Countries' Medical Systems 663 Pascale Allotey, Hilary Pickles, Vanessa Johnston 91 Medical Aid in Disaster Relief 671 Soren Holm PART IV: RESEARCH ETHICS AND ETHICS OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES Introduction by Richard E. Ashcroft 679 92 The Ethics and Governance of Medical Research 681 Richard E. Ashcroft 93 On The Ethics of Animal Research 689 David DeGrazia 94 The Ethical Requirement for Systematic Reviews for Randomized Trials 697 Mike Clarke 95 Informed Consent for Research 703 James Flory, David Wendler and Ezekiel Emanuel 96 Evaluating Benefi ts and Harms in Clinical Research 711 Paul B. Miller and Charles Weijer 97 Patients' Obligations? 719 Simon Woods 98 Standard of Care Owed to Participants in Clinical Trials: Different Standards in Different Countries? 729 Reidar K. Lie 99 Justice and Priority Setting in International Health Care Research 735 Solomon R. Benatar 100 Obligations of the Pharmaceutical Industry 743 Udo Schuklenk and Jim Gallagher 101 Ethics and Medical Publishing 751 Richard Smith and Iain Chalmers 102 Human Reproductive Cloning 759 D. Gareth Jones and Kerry A. Galvin 103 Obtaining Human Eggs for Stem Cell Research: Ethical Issues 767 Heather Draper 104 The Ethics of Xenotransplantation 775 Jonathan Hughes 105 Pharmacogenomics 783 Ruth Chadwick 106 Ethical Issues in Human Gene Transfer: A Historical Overview 789 Eric T. Juengst and Hannah Grankvist 107 The Ethics of Ageing, Immortality and Genetics 797 Daniela Cutas and John Harris 108 Ethical Issues of Enhancement Technologies 803 Ruud H.J. Ter Meulen, Lisbeth Nielsen, Laurens Landeweerd 109 Psychosurgery and Neuroimplantation: Changing What is Deep Within a Person 811 Grant Gillett 110 Resisting Addiction: Novel Application of Vaccines 819 Andreas Hasman Index 827