Practical Atlas of Ruminant and Camelid Reproductive Ultrasonography

Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii Contributors xv Chapter 1 Principles and recommendations, essential concepts, and common artifacts in ultrasound imaging 3 Description and practical recommendations in the choice of ultrasound equipment with a view to image quality 3 General principles and essential concepts to improve image quality 9 Common artifacts 12 Chapter 2 Scanning techniques and common errors in bovine practice 21 Description of scanning technique 21 Manipulation of the probe 21 Common errors 23 Chapter 3 Anatomy of the reproductive tract of the cow 27 Genital tract 27 Descriptive terminology of the ovary and ovarian structures 30 Chapter 4 Bovine ovary 35 Endocrinology and ovarian structures in pubertal cows 35 Ovarian anomalies and differential diagnosis 42 Use of color Doppler to monitor ovarian blood flow 48 Ultrasound use in reproduction synchronization protocols for dairy cattle: Two perspectives 54 Chapter 5 Bovine uterus 61 Ultrasound of the uterus during the estrous cycle and normal postpartum period 61 Color Doppler sonography of the uterine blood flow 67 Ultrasound of the postpartum abnormal uterus and vagina 70 Chapter 6 Bovine pregnancy 81 Morphologic embryonic and fetal development up to day 55 81 Ultrasound landmarks of standard early pregnancy diagnosis 87 Early embryonic and fetal death 90 Twins 93 Chapter 7 Bovine fetal development after 55 days, fetal sexing, anomalies, and well-being 101 Fetal development after 55 days 101 Ultrasound fetal sexing 107 Fetal anomalies 113 Fetal well-being during late pregnancy (normal gestation, compromised pregnancy, and clone) 116 Chapter 8 Bovine embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, special procedures, and cloning 125 Embryo donors 126 Oocyte collection for in vitro fertilization 135 Recipients 136 Management of clone recipients 138 Chapter 9 Bull anatomy and ultrasonography of the reproductive tract 143 Ultrasound equipment and techniques 143 Anatomy of the reproductive system 145 Anomalies and ultrasonographic imaging of external and internal reproductive organs 153 Chapter 10 Buffalo and zebu cattle 163 Equipment and scanning techniques 164 Major differences between bovine and bubaline species 165 Pathology 171 Congenital and hereditary defects 173 Ultrasound services in buffalo and zebu 173 Chapter 11 Sheep and goats 181 Usefulness of ultrasonography in small ruminants 181 Equipment and scanning techniques 181 Ultrasonographic imaging of the female reproductive tract 182 Endocrine and ovarian processes that comprise the normal estrous cycle and pregnancy 186 Fetal count, age, and sex 194 Pathological conditions in the female 197 Ultrasonographic evaluation of the male genital system 199 Common abnormalities of the testis 204 Common abnormalities of the accessory glands 208 Chapter 12 Camelids 211 Usefulness of ultrasonography in camelids 211 Equipment and scanning techniques 211 Ultrasonographic anatomy 213 Ovarian function and endocrinology in South American camelids 215 Pregnancy diagnosis and evaluation of fetal growth 217 Uterine and ovarian abnormalities 219 Index 225