Power Electronics for Green Energy Conversion

Preface xvii 1 Green Energy Technology-Based Energy-Efficient Appliances for Buildings 1 Avanish Gautam Singh, Rahul Rajeevkumar Urs, Rajeev Kumar Chauhan and Prabhakar Tiwari Nomenclature 2 Variables 2 1.1 Balance of System Appliances Needed for Green Energy Systems 3 1.1.1 Grid Interactive Inverters for Buildings with AC Wiring 4 1.1.2 Grid Interactive Inverter with No Battery Backup 4 1.1.3 Main Grid-Interactive Inverter (Hybrid Inverter) 6 1.1.4 DC-DC Converter for DC Building 6 1.1.5 Bidirectional Inverter 10 1.1.6 Battery Bank 11 1.2 Major Green Energy Home Appliances 13 1.2.1 dc Air Conditioners 14 1.2.2 dc Lighting 15 1.2.3 dc Refrigeration 15 1.2.4 Emerging Products for Grid Connected Homes and Businesses 17 1.2.5 Electrical Vehicle 17 1.3 Energy Savings Through Green Appliances 18 1.3.1 Appliance Scheduling 20 1.3.2 A Case Study of a Mid-Ranged Home with Green Home Appliances Versus Conventional Home Appliances: A Comparison of 1 Day Consumption 23 1.4 Conclusion 26 References 27 2 Integrated Electric Power Systems and Their Power Quality Issues 29 Akhil Gupta, Kamal Kant Sharma and Gagandeep Kaur 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Designing of a Hybrid Energy System 32 2.3 Classification of Hybrid Energy Systems 34 2.3.1 Hybrid Wind-Solar System 34 2.3.2 Hybrid Diesel-Wind System 35 2.3.3 Hybrid Wind-Hydro Power System 36 2.3.4 Hybrid Fuel Cell-Solar System 37 2.3.5 Hybrid Solar Thermal System 37 2.4 Power Quality Implications 38 2.4.1 Interruption 39 2.4.2 Undervoltage or Brownout 40 2.4.3 Voltage Sag or Dip 41 2.4.4 Noise 42 2.4.5 Frequency 43 2.4.6 Harmonic 43 2.4.7 Notching 44 2.4.8 Short-Circuit 45 2.4.9 Swell 45 2.4.10 Transient or Surges 45 2.5 Conclusion 62 References 63 3 Renewable Energy in India and World for Sustainable Development 67 Kuldeep Jayaswal, D. K. Palwalia and Aditya Sharma 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 The Energy Framework 68 3.3 Status of Solar PV Energy 73 3.4 Boons of Renewable Energy 75 3.5 Energy Statistics 76 3.5.1 Coal 76 3.5.2 Natural Gas 78 3.5.3 Biofuels 78 3.5.4 Electricity 80 3.6 Renewable Energy Resources 82 3.7 Conclusion 85 Abbreviations 86 References 86 4 Power Electronics: Technology for Wind Turbines 91 K.T. Maheswari, P. Prem and Jagabar Sathik 4.1 Introduction 92 4.1.1 Overview of Wind Power Generation 93 4.1.1.1 India-Wind Potential 94 4.1.2 Advancement of Wind Power Technologies 95 4.1.3 Power Electronics Technologies for Wind Turbines 96 4.2 Power Converter Topologies for Wind Turbines 98 4.2.1 Matrix Converter 99 4.2.2 Z Source Matrix Converter 100 4.3 Quasi Z Source Direct Matrix Converter 104 4.3.1 Principle of Operation 104 4.3.2 Modulation Strategy 107 4.3.2.1 Closed Loop Control of QZSDMC 107 4.3.3 Simulation Results and Discussion 108 4.4 Conclusion 111 References 111 5 Investigation of Current Controllers for Grid Interactive Inverters 115 Aditi Chatterjee and Kanungo Barada Mohanty 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 Current Control System for Single-Phase Grid Interactive Inverters 117 5.2.1 Hysteresis Current Controller 119 5.2.2 Proportional Integral Current Control 121 5.2.3 Proportional Resonant Current Control 125 5.2.4 Dead Beat Current Control 129 5.2.5 Model Predictive Current Control 131 5.2.5.1 Analysis of Discretized System Model Dynamics 134 5.2.5.2 Cost Function Assessment 135 5.3 Simulation Results and Analysis 137 5.3.1 Results in Steady-State Operating Mode 138 5.3.2 Results in Dynamic Operating Mode 139 5.3.3 Comparative Assessment of the Current Controllers 145 5.3.4 Hardware Implementation 145 5.3.4.1 Hardware Components 147 5.3.4.2 Digital Implementation 150 5.4 Experimental Results 151 5.5 Future Scope 153 5.6 Conclusion 154 References 155 6 Multilevel Converter for Static Synchronous Compensators: State-of-the-Art, Applications and Trends 159 Dayane do Carmo Mendonça, Renata Oliveira de Sousa, João Victor Matos Farias, Heverton Augusto Pereira, Seleme Isaac Seleme Júnior and Allan Fagner Cupertino 6.1 Introduction 160 6.2 STATCOM Realization 164 6.2.1 Two-Level Converters 164 6.2.2 Early Multilevel Converters 168 6.2.3 Cascaded Multilevel Converters 170 6.2.4 Summary of Topologies 174 6.3 STATCOM Control Objectives 175 6.3.1 Operating Principle 175 6.3.2 Control Objectives 176 6.3.3 Modulation Schemes 179 6.3.3.1 Nlc 181 6.3.3.2 Ps-pwm 181 6.4 Benchmarking of Cascaded Topologies 187 6.4.1 Design Assumptions 187 6.4.1.1 Y-chb 190 6.4.1.2 ∆-chb 191 6.4.1.3 Hb-mmc 193 6.4.1.4 Fb-mmc 196 6.4.2 Current Stress in Semiconductor Devices 198 6.4.3 Current Stress in Submodule Capacitor 201 6.4.4 Comparison of Characteristics 205 6.5 STATCOM Trends 209 6.5.1 Cost Reduction 209 6.5.2 Reliability Requirements 212 6.5.3 Modern Grid Codes Requirements 215 6.5.4 Energy Storage Systems 216 6.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 217 References 218 7 Topologies and Comparative Analysis of Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverters for Renewable Energy Applications 221 Aishwarya V. and Gnana Sheela K. 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Reduced-Switch Multilevel Inverters 224 7.3 Comparative Analysis 251 7.4 Conclusion 258 References 258 8 A Novel Step-Up Switched-Capacitor-Based Multilevel Inverter Topology Feasible for Green Energy Harvesting 265 Erfan Hallaji and Kazem Varesi 8.1 Introduction 266 8.2 Proposed Basic Topology 269 8.3 Proposed Extended Topology 270 8.3.1 First Algorithm (P 1) 270 8.3.2 Second Algorithm (P 2) 271 8.4 Operational Mode 272 8.4.1 Mode A 275 8.4.2 Mode B 275 8.4.3 Mode c 275 8.4.4 Mode d 276 8.4.5 Mode E 276 8.4.6 Mode F 277 8.4.7 Mode G 277 8.4.8 Mode H 277 8.4.9 Mode I 278 8.4.10 Mode J 278 8.4.11 Mode K 279 8.4.12 Mode l 279 8.4.13 mode m 279 8.4.14 Mode N 280 8.4.15 Mode O 280 8.4.16 Mode P 281 8.4.17 Mode Q 281 8.5 Standing Voltage 282 8.5.1 Standing Voltage (SV) for the First Algorithm (P 1) 283 8.5.2 Standing Voltage (SV) for the Second Algorithm (P 2) 283 8.6 Proposed Cascaded Topology 283 8.6.1 First Algorithm (S 1) 284 8.6.2 Second Algorithm (S 2) 284 8.6.3 Third Algorithm (S 3) 284 8.6.4 Fourth Algorithm (S 4) 285 8.6.5 Fifth Algorithm (S 5) 285 8.6.6 Sixth Algorithm (S 6) 286 8.7 Modulation Method 286 8.8 Efficiency and Losses Analysis 287 8.8.1 Switching Losses 287 8.8.2 Conduction Losses 288 8.8.3 Ripple Losses 288 8.8.4 Efficiency 288 8.9 Capacitor Design 289 8.10 Comparison Results 291 8.11 Simulation Results 295 8.12 Conclusion 299 References 299 9 Classification of Conventional and Modern Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Energy Generation Systems 303 Mohammed Salah Bouakkaz, Ahcene Boukadoum, Omar Boudebbouz, Nadir Boutasseta, Issam Attoui and Ahmed Bouraiou 9.1 Introduction 304 9.1.1 Classification of MPPT Techniques 306 9.1.2 MPPT Algorithms Based on PV Side Parameters 307 9.2 MPPT Algorithms Based on Load Side Parameters 307 9.3 Conventional MPPT Algorithms 308 9.3.1 Indirect Techniques 308 9.3.1.1 MPPT Based on Constant Voltage (CV) 308 9.3.1.2 Fractional Voltage (FV) Technique 309 9.3.1.3 Fractional Currents (FC) Technique 310 9.3.2 Direct Techniques 310 9.3.2.1 Hill Climbing (HC) Technique 311 9.3.2.2 Perturb & Observe (P&O) Technique 312 9.3.2.3 Incremental Conductance (IC) 313 9.4 Soft Computing (SC) MPPT Techniques 314 9.4.1 MPPT Techniques Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) 314 9.4.1.1 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) Technique 314 9.4.1.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 316 9.4.1.3 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (anfis) 316 9.4.1.4 The Bayesian Network (BN) 317 9.4.2 Bioinspired (BI)-Based MPPT Techniques 317 9.4.2.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 317 9.4.2.2 Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) 318 9.4.2.3 Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO) 322 9.5 Hybrid MPPT Techniques 322 9.5.1 Conventional with Conventional (CV/CV) 322 9.5.1.1 Fractional Current (FC) with Incremental Conductance (IC) 323 9.5.2 Soft Computing with Soft Computing (SC/SC) 323 9.5.2.1 Fuzzy Logic Control with Genetic Algorithm (FLC/GA) 323 9.5.3 Conventional with Soft Computing (CV/SC) 324 9.5.3.1 Hill Climbing with Fuzzy Logic Control (hc/flc) 324 9.5.4 Other Classifications of Hybrid Techniques 325 9.6 Discussion 325 9.7 Conclusion 327 References 328 10 A Simulation Analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Battery-Operated PV Systems 335 Pankaj Sahu and Rajiv Dey 10.1 Introduction 336 10.2 Background of Conventional MPPT Methods 339 10.2.1 Perturb & Observe (P&O) 340 10.2.2 Incremental Conductance (IC) 341 10.2.3 Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC) 342 10.2.4 Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) 343 10.2.5 Ripple Correlation Control (RCC) 344 10.3 Simulink Model of PV System with MPPT 348 10.4 Results and Discussions 350 10.4.1 (a) Simulation Results for P&O Method 351 10.4.2 (b) Simulation Results for Incremental Conductance (IC) Method 356 10.4.3 (c) Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) Method 361 10.4.4 (d) Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC) Method 366 10.4.5 (e) Ripple Correlation Control (RCC) 371 10.4.6 (f) Performance Comparison 376 10.5 Conclusion 377 References 378 11 Power Electronics: Technology for Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems 381 K. Sateesh Kumar, A. Kirubakaran, N. Subrahmanyam and Umashankar Subramaniam 11.1 Introduction 382 11.2 Grid-Tied SPVPGS Technology 383 11.2.1 Module Inverters 384 11.2.2 String Inverters 385 11.2.3 Multistring Inverters 386 11.2.4 Central Inverters 386 11.3 Classification of PV Inverter Configurations 386 11.3.1 Single-Stage Isolated Inverter Configuration 387 11.3.2 Single-Stage Nonisolated Inverter Configuration 387 11.3.3 Two-Stage Isolated Inverter Configuration 388 11.3.4 Two-Stage Nonisolated Inverter Configuration 389 11.4 Analysis of Leakage Current in Nonisolated Inverter Topologies 390 11.5 Important Standards Dealing with the Grid-Connected Spvpgs 393 11.5.1 dc Current Injection and Leakage Current 393 11.5.2 Individual Harmonic Distortion and Total Harmonic Distortion 395 11.5.3 Voltage and Frequency Requirements 395 11.5.4 Reactive Power Capability 395 11.5.5 Anti-Islanding Detection 395 11.6 Various Topologies of Grid-Tied SPVPGS 396 11.6.1 AC Module Topologies 396 11.6.2 String Inverter Topologies 399 11.6.3 Multistring Inverter Topologies 405 11.6.4 Central Inverter Topologies 407 11.7 Scope for Future Research 415 11.8 Conclusions 415 References 416 12 Hybrid Solar-Wind System Modeling and Control 419 Issam Attoui, Naceredine Labed, Salim Makhloufi, Mohammed Salah Bouakkaz, Ahmed Bouraiou, Nadir Boutasseta, Nadir Fergani and Brahim Oudjani 12.1 Introduction 420 12.2 Description of the Proposed System 424 12.3 Model of System 425 12.3.1 Model of Wind Turbine 425 12.3.2 Dynamic Model of the DFIG 426 12.3.3 Mathematic Model of Filter 428 12.3.4 Medium-Term Energy Storage 429 12.3.5 Short-Term Energy Storage 429 12.3.6 Wind Speed Model 430 12.3.7 Photovoltaic Array Model 430 12.3.8 Boost Converter Model 432 12.4 System Control 433 12.4.1 Grid Side Converter GSC Control 434 12.4.2 Rotor Side Converter RSC Control 434 12.4.3 MPPT Control Algorithm for Wind Turbine 435 12.4.4 Two-Level Energy Storage System and Control Strategy 435 12.4.5 PSO-Based GMPPT for PV System 435 12.5 Results and Interpretation 438 12.6 Conclusion 445 References 445 13 Static/Dynamic Economic-Environmental Dispatch Problem Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm 453 Larouci Benyekhlef, Benasla Lahouari and Sitayeb Abdelkader 13.1 Introduction 454 13.2 Problem Formulation 455 13.2.1 Static Economic Dispatch 455 13.2.2 Dynamic Economic Dispatch (DED) 456 13.3 Calculation of CO2, Ch4, and N2O Emitted During the Combustion 457 13.3.1 Calculation of CO2 457 13.3.2 Calculating CH4 and N2O Emissions 458 13.4 The Cuckoo Search Algorithms 459 13.5 Application 460 13.5.1 Case I: The Static Economic Dispatch 463 13.5.2 Case II: The Dynamic Economic Dispatch 465 13.6 Conclusions 470 References 471 14 Power Electronics Converters for EVs and Wireless Chargers: An Overview on Existent Technology and Recent Advances 475 Sahand Ghaseminejad Liasi, Faezeh Kardan and Mohammad Tavakoli Bina 14.1 Introduction 476 14.2 Hybrid Power System for EV Technology 477 14.3 DC/AC Converters to Drive the EV 478 14.4 DC/DC Converters for EVs 479 14.4.1 Isolated and Nonisolated DC/DC Converters for EV Application 479 14.4.2 Multi-Input DC/DC Converters in Hybrid EVs 480 14.5 WBG Devices for EV Technology 481 14.6 High-Power and High-Density DC/DC Converters for Hybrid and EV Applications 483 14.7 dc Fast Chargers and Challenges 484 14.7.1 Fast-Charging Station Architectures 484 14.7.2 Impacts of Fast Chargers on Power Grid 488 14.7.3 Fast-Charging Stations Connected to MV Grid and Challenges 489 14.7.3.1 SST-Based EV Fast-Charging Station 490 14.8 Wireless Charging 491 14.8.1 Short History of Wireless Charging 492 14.8.2 Proficiencies 493 14.8.3 Deficiencies 493 14.9 Standards 494 14.9.1 Sae J 1772 494 14.9.1.1 Revisions of SAE J 1772 495 14.9.2 Iec 62196 495 14.9.3 Sae J 2954 497 14.10 WPT Technology in Practice 497 14.11 Converters 499 14.12 Resonant Network Topologies 501 14.13 Appropriate DC/DC Converters 501 14.14 Single-Ended Wireless EV Charger 502 14.15 WPT and EV Motor Drive Using Single Inverter 505 14.15.1 Problem Definition 507 14.15.2 Wave Shaping Analysis 507 14.15.3 Convertor System 510 14.15.4 WPT System and Motor Drive Integration 512 14.16 Conclusion 513 References 513 15 Recent Advances in Fast-Charging Methods for Electric Vehicles 519 R. Chandrasekaran, M. Sathishkumar Reddy, B. Raja and K. Selvajyothi 15.1 Introduction 519 15.2 Levels of Charging 520 15.2.1 Level 1 Charging 520 15.2.2 Level 2 Charging 520 15.2.3 Level 3 Charging 522 15.3 EV Charging Standards 523 15.4 Battery Charging Methods 524 15.5 Constant Voltage Charging 525 15.6 Constant Current Charging 526 16.7 Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV) Charging 527 15.8 Multicurrent Level Charging 528 15.9 Pulse Charging 529 15.10 Converters and Its Applications 530 15.10.1 Buck Converter 532 15.10.2 Boost Converter 533 15.10.3 Interleaved Buck Converter 534 15.10.4 Interleaved Boost Converter 535 15.11 Design of DC-DC Converters 536 15.12 Results and Discussions 538 15.13 Conclusion 542 References 543 16 Recent Advances in Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging 545 Sivagami K., Janamejaya Channegowda and Damodharan P. 16.1 Need for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) in Electric Vehicles (EV) 546 16.2 WPT Theory 546 16.3 Operating Principle of IPT 550 16.3.1 Ampere’s Law 551 16.3.2 Faraday’s Law 551 16.4 Types of Wires 552 16.4.1 Litz Wire 552 16.4.2 Litz Magneto-Plate Wire (LMPW) 552 16.4.3 Tubular Conductor 552 16.4.4 REBCO Wire 553 16.4.5 Copper Clad Aluminium Wire 553 16.5 Ferrite Shapes 553 16.6 Couplers 554 16.7 Types of Charging 556 16.7.1 Static Charging 556 16.7.2 Dynamic Charging 558 16.7.3 Quasi-Dynamic Charging 559 16.8 Compensation Techniques 560 16.9 Power Converters in WPT Systems 564 16.9.1 Primary Side Converter 565 16.9.1.1 Unidirectional Charger 565 16.9.1.2 Bidirectional Charger 566 16.9.2 Secondary Side Converter 567 16.9.3 Recent Novel Converter 567 16.10 Standards 567 16.11 Conclusion 570 References 570 17 Flux Link Control Modulation Technique for Improving Power Transfer Characteristics of Bidirectional DC/DC Converter Used in FCEVS 573 Bandi Mallikarjuna Reddy, Naveenkumar Marati, Kathirvel Karuppazhagi and Balraj Vaithilingam 17.1 Introduction 574 17.2 GDAB-IBDC Converter 575 17.2.1 Analysis and Modeling of GDAB-IBDC 576 17.3 FLC Modulation Technique 580 17.3.1 Modes of Operation of GDAB-IBDC Converter 582 17.3.2 Analytical Modeling of SPS and FLC Modulation 583 17.4 Dead Band Analysis of GDAB-IBDC Converter 589 17.5 Simulation and Results 591 17.6 Conclusion 598 References 598 Index 601