Polymer Crystallization Control the development of polymer crystals with this groundbreaking introduction
Polymer crystallization is a crucial component of polymer development that impacts processing, applications, presentation, and more. Intervention in the polymer crystallization process, in the form of nanofilters, compatibilizers, and more, has the potential to improve optical and chemical properties, improve degrees
of crystallinity, and increase the hardness of polymer composites. The myriad applications of crystalline polymers make this one of the most exciting and
fast-growing fields in polymer research.
Polymer Crystallization provides a comprehensive introduction to this field and its most important recent developments. It characterizes and analysis an expansive range of crystalline polymers and discusses possible mechanisms for influencing their crystallization processes to impact a variety of outcomes and applications. These applications include industries from food packaging to automotive parts to medical and aerospace materials.
Polymer Crystallization readers will also find:
Detailed treatment of polymer morphology, rheology, modeling, and more Thorough introduction to the fundamentals of polymer crystallization Discussion of environmental safety issues and avenues for future research
Polymer Crystallization is a useful reference for materials scientists, polymer scientists, biomedical scientists, and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in these and related fields.
Preface xi Editor Biography xiii 1 Introduction to Polymer Crystallization 1 N.M. Nurazzi, M.N.F. Norrrahim, S.S. Shazleen, M.M. Harussani, F.A. Sabaruddin, and M.R.M. Asyraf 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Degree of Crystallinity 3 1.3 Thermodynamics on the Crystallization of Polymers Characteristics 4 1.4 Polymer Crystallization Mechanism 5 1.4.1 Strain-Induced Crystallization of Polymer 5 1.4.2 Crystallization of Polymer from Solution 7 1.5 Applications of Crystalline Polymer 8 References 10 2 Characterization of Polymer Crystallization by Using Thermal Analysis 13 Kai Yang, Xiuling Zhang, Mohanapriya Venkataraman, Jakub Wiener, and Jiri Militky 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Basic Principle 14 2.2.1 General Idea 14 2.2.2 Application of DSC Method 15 2.3 Characterization of Polymer Crystallization According to Isothermal Crystallization Process 16 2.3.1 Performance of Isothermal Crystallization Process 16 2.3.2 Analysis of Isothermal Crystallization Process 16 2.3.2.1 Crystal Geometry 17 2.3.2.2 Characterization of Crystallization Rate 18 2.3.2.3 Characterization of Crystallization Activation Energy 18 2.3.3 Isothermal Crystallization of Some Polymer Composites 19 2.4 Characterization of Polymer Non-isothermal Crystallization Process 20 2.4.1 Basics of Nonlinear Crystallization Modeling 20 2.4.2 Performance of Non-isothermal Crystallization Process 20 2.4.3 Analysis of Crystal Geometry During Non-isothermal Crystallization Process 21 2.4.3.1 Jeziorny-Modified Avrami Equation 21 2.4.3.2 Ozawa Model 21 2.4.3.3 Mo model 25 2.4.4 Determination of Crystallization Activation Energy (E) 26 2.4.5 Analysis of Relative Crystallinity 27 2.5 Conclusion 27 Acknowledgment 28 Abbreviations 28 References 28 3 Crystallization Behavior of Polypropylene and Its Blends and Composites 33 Daniela Mileva, Davide Tranchida, Enrico Carmeli, Dietrich Gloger, and Markus Gahleitner 3.1 Introduction – Polypropylene Crystallinity in Perspective 33 3.2 Chain Structure and Molecular Weight Effects for iPP Crystallinity and Polymorphism 37 3.3 Nucleation of iPP 42 3.4 Crystallization in Multiphase Copolymers, Blends, and Composites 47 3.5 Processing Effects and Resulting Properties 54 3.6 Investigation Methods for PP Crystallization and Morphology 60 Acknowledgments 64 References 65 4 Crystallization of PE and PE-Based Blends, and Composites 87 Amirhosein Sarafpour, Gholamreza Pircheraghi, Farzad Gholami, Rouhollah Shami-Zadeh, and Farzad Jani 4.1 An Introduction to Polyethylene, Its Crystallization, and Kinetics 87 4.1.1 Basics of Structure and Morphology 87 4.1.2 Theory of Crystallization and Its Kinetics 92 4.2 Experimental Study on Crystallization Kinetics of Polyethylene 93 4.2.1 Isothermal Crystallization 93 4.2.2 Non-isothermal Crystallization 96 4.3 Nucleation Theory 99 4.4 Crystal Growth 100 4.5 PE Blends and Co-crystallization 103 4.6 PE Nanocomposites 109 4.7 Summary 112 References 112 5 Crystallization of PLA and Its Blends and Composites 121 Jesús M. Quiroz-Castillo, Ana D. Cabrera-González, Luis A. Val-Félix, and Tomás J. Madera-Santana 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Crystallization of Macromolecules 123 5.2.1 Improvement of PLA Crystallization Kinetics 126 5.3 Polylactic Acid Nucleation 130 5.3.1 Inorganic Nucleating Agents 130 5.3.2 Organic Nucleating Agents 133 5.4 Polylactic Acid Blends 136 5.4.1 Polylactic Acid Binary Blends with Biopolymers–Starch and PHAs 136 5.4.2 Polylactic Acid Binary Blends with Biodegradable Polymers – PCL, PBAT, and PBS 138 5.5 Polylactic Acid Composites 139 5.5.1 Polylactic Acid – Natural Fiber Composites 139 5.5.2 Polylactic Acid – Nanocomposites 140 5.6 Conclusions 143 References 144 6 Crystallization in PLLA-Based Blends, and Composites 161 Pratick Samanta and Bhanu Nandan 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Chemical and Crystal Structure of PLLA 162 6.3 PLLA Properties: Glass Transition and Melting Temperature 162 6.3.1 Glass Transition Temperature 162 6.3.2 Melting Temperature 163 6.4 PLLA Crystallization 163 6.4.1 PLLA Crystallization Study Through Spherulite Growth 163 6.4.2 Lauritzen and Hoffman Theory in PLLA Crystallization 164 6.4.3 Crystallization Kinetics Through Calorimetry Study 166 6.5 Crystallization of PLLA in Blends 168 6.6 Crystallization of PLLA in Nanocomposites 172 6.7 Crystallization of PLLA in Block Copolymer 175 6.8 Crystallization of PLLA After Adding Nucleating Agents 178 6.9 PLLA Plasticization 182 6.10 Conclusion and Future Outlook 182 References 183 7 Crystallization in PCL-Based Blends and Composites 195 Madhushree Hegde, Akshatha Chandrashekar, Mouna Nataraja, Jineesh A. Gopi, Niranjana Prabhu, and Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2 Crystallinity of PCL and the Factors Affecting Crystallinity 195 7.3 Crystalline Behavior of PCL-Based Multiphase Polymer Systems 199 7.3.1 Crystallization Behavior of Blends of PCL 199 7.3.2 Crystallization Behavior of Block Copolymers of PCL 202 7.3.3 Effect of Fillers on the Crystalline Behavior of PCL 203 7.4 Conclusion 207 References 208 8 Crystallization and Shape Memory Effect 215 Shiji Mathew 8.1 Introduction 215 8.2 Shape Memory Cycle 216 8.3 Mechanism of Shape Memory Effect 217 8.4 Types of Shape Memory Polymers 218 8.5 Biomedical Applications of Shape Memory Polymers 218 8.5.1 Tissue Engineering 218 8.5.2 Bone Engineering 220 8.5.3 Medical Stents 221 8.5.4 Drug Delivery Application 222 8.5.5 SMPs as Self-Healing Materials 222 8.5.6 Vascular Embolization 226 8.6 Conclusion 227 References 227 9 3D Printing of Crystalline Polymers 233 Hiriyalu S. Ashrith, Tamalapura P. Jeevan, and Hanume Gowda V. Divya 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 3D Printing Materials and Processes 234 9.2.1 Nylon and Polyamides 234 9.2.2 Polyethylene 238 9.2.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate 240 9.2.4 Polypropylene 241 9.2.5 Polylactic Acid 243 9.3 Characterization of 3D-Printed Crystalline Polymers 244 9.3.1 Mechanical Properties/Mechanical Characteristics 244 9.3.2 Thermal Properties/Thermal Characteristics 246 9.3.3 Tribological Properties/Tribological Characteristics 247 9.4 Conclusion 248 References 250 10 Crystallization from Anisotropic Polymer Melts 255 Daniel P. da Silva, James J. Holt, Supatra Pratumshat, Paula Pascoal-Faria, Artur Mateus, and Geoffrey R. Mitchell 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Evaluating Anisotropy 256 10.3 Crystallization During Deformation of Networks 258 10.4 Sheared Polymer Melts 260 10.5 Crystallization During Injection Molding 264 10.6 Sheared Polymer Melts with Nucleating Agents 266 10.7 Sheared Polymer Melts with Nanoparticles 271 10.8 3D Printing Using Extrusion 272 10.8.1 In-Situ Studies of Polymer Crystallization During 3D Printing 273 10.9 Morphology Mapping 275 10.10 Discussion 276 Acknowledgments 277 References 277 11 Molecular Simulations of Polymer Crystallization 283 Yijing Nie and Jianlong Wen 11.1 Introduction 283 11.2 Establishment of Polymer Simulation Systems 283 11.2.1 MC Simulations 284 11.2.2 MD Simulations 284 11.2.2.1 United Atom Chain Model 285 11.2.2.2 Coarse-Grained Polymer Model 285 11.3 Polymer Crystallization at Quiescent State 285 11.3.1 Crystal Nucleation 285 11.3.2 Intramolecular Nucleation Model 287 11.4 Nanofiller-Induced Polymer Crystallization 288 11.4.1 Nanofiller-Induced Homopolymer Crystallization 288 11.4.2 Nanofiller-Induced Copolymer Crystallization 291 11.4.2.1 Nanofiller-Induced Block Copolymer Crystallization 291 11.4.2.2 Random Copolymer Nanocomposite Crystallization 293 11.4.3 Crystallization of Polymers Grafted on Nanofillers 293 11.5 Effect of Grafting Density 293 11.6 Effect of Chain Length 293 11.7 Effect of Interfacial Interactions 295 11.8 Stereocomplex Crystallization of Polymer Blends 295 11.8.1 Simulation Details 296 11.8.2 Effects of Different Methods 297 11.8.2.1 Effect of Chain Length 297 11.8.2.2 Effect of Stretching 298 11.8.2.3 Effect of Nanofillers 298 11.8.2.4 Effect of Chain Topology 299 11.8.2.5 Effect of Chain Structure 300 11.9 Flow-Induced Polymer Crystallization 301 11.9.1 Flow-Induced Polymer Nucleation 301 11.9.2 Stretch-Induced Crystalline Structure Changes 306 11.10 Summary 308 References 309 12 Application, Recycling, Environmental and Safety Issues, and Future Prospects of Crystalline Polymer Composites 323 Busra Cetiner, Havva Baskan-Bayrak, and Burcu S. Okan 12.1 Introduction 323 12.2 Crystalline Polymers and Composites 324 12.2.1 Crystalline Polymers 324 12.2.2 Crystalline Polymer Composites 326 12.2.2.1 Crystalline Polymer Composites with Organic Reinforcements 328 12.2.2.2 Crystalline Polymer Composites with Inorganic Reinforcements 329 12.2.2.3 Crystalline Polymer Composites with Natural Reinforcements 330 12.3 Applications of Crystalline Polymer Composites 331 12.3.1 Automotive Applications of Crystalline Polymer Composites 331 12.3.2 Biomedical Applications of Crystalline Polymer Composites 334 12.3.3 Defense and Aerospace Applications of Crystalline Polymer Composites 335 12.3.4 Other Applications of Crystalline Polymer Composites 339 12.4 Recycling, Environmental, and Safety Issues of Crystalline Polymer Composites 340 12.4.1 Recycling of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Crystalline Polymer Composites 340 12.4.2 Recycling of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Crystalline Polymer Composites 341 12.4.3 Recycling of Carbon Nanotubes-Reinforced Crystalline Polymer Composites 342 12.4.4 Recycling of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Crystalline Polymer Composites 343 12.4.5 Environmental Impact and Safety Issues of Crystalline Polymer Composites 343 12.5 Future Prospects of Crystalline Polymer Composites 344 12.6 Conclusions 345 References 345 Index 359
Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Science at Alliance University, Karnataka, India. He has published extensively on polymer crystallization and related subjects and his past awards and honors include the DSTs INSPIRE Faculty Award and the Kerala State Award for Best Young Scientist. Jenny Jacob, PhD, is Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Bioscience at Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies Tiruvalla. She has published extensively and received numerous awards for her research into polymer crystallization and related fields. Senthilkumar Krishnasamy, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, India. He has researched extensively into polymer composites and related subjects and has edited several books. Aswathy Jayakumar, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. She received the award for Best Paper in Biotechnology at the 31st Kerala Science Congress, 2019, and has published extensively on nanotechnology-based food packaging systems and related fields. Nishar Hameed, PhD, is Group Leader in Smart Materials and Composites and an Australian Research Council DECRA Fellow at Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. He has published widely in numerous high-quality international journals.
