James J. Nolan is a Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at West Virginia University, USA. His research focuses on crime and neighborhood dynamics, police procedures, crime measurement, and hate crimes. A former police officer, Nolan is also a 1992 graduate of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) National Academy. He is co-editor of Policing in an Age of Reform: An Agenda for Research and Practice (2021). Howard Ryan is a doctoral student in Sociology at West Virginia University, USA. He has a background in teaching and labor organizing and is the author of Educational Justice: Teaching and Organizing against the Corporate Juggernaut. Mackenzie Freeman is a doctoral student in Sociology at West Virginia University. With a background in criminology and psychology, her research focuses on rural girls in incarceration and foster care. She is co-author of ""'Suffering in Deafening Silence': Suicide Ideation and Attempted Suicide in the Lives of Incarcerated Rural West Virginia Girls.""