Plant Secondary Metabolites and Abiotic Stress

Foreword xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgment xxv About the Book xxvii 1 Biochemical Responses of Plants to Individual and Combined Abiotic Stresses 1 Kanchan Sharma, Kritika Jalota, Chiti Agarwal, Puja Pal and Suruchi Jindal 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Biochemical Responses to Individual Abiotic Stresses 3 1.3 Biochemical Responses to Combined Abiotic Stresses 16 1.4 Conclusion 26 References 27 2 Unraveling the Dynamics of Antioxidant Defense in Plants Under Drought Conditions 35 Gaurav Kumar 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Oxidative Stress in Plants Under Drought Condition 36 2.3 Antioxidant Defense System of Plants 43 2.4 Enzymatic Antioxidants and Their Response Against High ROS Under Drought Stress 43 2.5 ROS-Scavenging Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Their Response Under Drought Stress 55 2.6 Interplay of ROS With Reactive Carbonyl, Nitrogen, and Sulfur in Plant Cells: A Crosstalk Saga 62 2.7 Conclusion 64 References 65 3 Plant Metabolism and Abiotic Stress in Crops 81 Tuba Taziun, Bilal Ahmad Mir, Ritu Kumari, Nahid Akhtar and Atif Khurshid Wani 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 Concepts and Types of Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants 83 3.3 Plant Metabolism 89 3.4 Conclusion 95 References 96 4 Targeting Compatible Solutes for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 105 Heena Shoket 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 Stress Caused by Abiotic Factors 107 4.3 Present Compatible Solutes for Stress Tolerance in Plants 110 4.4 Genetic Engineering Perspective for Compatible Solutes Mediated Abiotic Stress Resistance in Plants 113 4.5 Importance of Ethylene in the Controlling of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress 117 4.6 Importance of Salicylic Acid in Controlling of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress 119 4.7 Importance of Cytokinin in the Controlling of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress 121 4.8 Importance of Abscisic Acid in the Controlling of Osmolytes in an Abiotic Environment 122 4.9 Conclusion 124 Author Contributions 124 Conflict of Interest 124 References 125 5 Oxalate Crystals and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 131 Puja Gupta, Ahtisham, Deepak Nandi, Sonu Ram Rohit Chhabra and Yudhishther Singh Bagal 5.1 Introduction 132 5.2 Formation of Crystals of Calcium Oxalate 135 5.3 Forms of Oxalate Crystals in Plants 137 5.4 Role of Oxalate Crystals to Cope with Abiotic Stresses 139 5.5 Conclusion 143 Acknowledgments 143 Competing Interests 143 References 143 6 Role of Signaling Molecules in Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 149 Reena S. Meshram 6.1 Introduction 150 6.2 Signaling Molecules 150 6.3 ROS Signaling 151 6.4 ABA in Stress Tolerance 152 6.5 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) 155 6.6 Cross-Talk Between Plants MAPK During Abiotic Stress Signal Transduction 155 6.7 CRISPR-Cas9 in Stress Tolerance 159 6.8 Conclusion 161 References 161 7 Impact of Abiotic Stress Signals on Secondary Metabolites in Plants 173 Darshana Patil and Avinash Patil 7.1 Introduction 174 7.2 Abiotic Stresses in Plants 175 7.3 Conclusion 184 7.4 Future Prospective 184 References 184 8 Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress 195 Mahesh V. Kawale, Rupali P. Shirsat, Pratiksha Salunke and Dipak K. Koche 8.1 Introduction 196 8.2 Role of ROS in Plant Growth and Development 197 8.3 Involvement of ROS in Plants’ Stress Response 199 8.4 ROS Regulation in Plants 200 8.5 Genes and Proteins Involved in ROS Regulation in Plants 201 8.6 Conclusion 202 References 206 9 Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Species Under Abiotic Stress in Plants 213 Bilal Ahmad Mir, Tuba Taziun, Mushtaq Rasool Mir, Tahir ul Gani Mir, Ritu Kumari, Atif Khurshid Wani and Nahid Akhtar 9.1 Introduction 214 9.2 Abiotic Stress in Plants: Molecular Perspective 215 9.3 Role of Oxygen in Abiotic Stress 220 9.4 Role of Sulfur in Abiotic Stress 223 9.5 Role of Nitrogen in Abiotic Stress 224 9.6 Cross-Talk Between Oxygen, Sulfur, and Nitrogen During Abiotic Stress 229 9.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective 230 References 232 10 Regulation of Plant Hormones Under Abiotic Stress Conditions in Plants 243 Prashant Kumar, Sumel Ashique, Nitish Kumar, Anjali Jain, Himanshu Sharma, Surya Nath Pandey and Anita Singh 10.1 Introduction 244 10.2 ABA’s Function in Plant Defense Mechanisms 246 10.3 Hormonal Cross-Talk in Plant Defense 249 10.4 Plant Morphology and Anatomy 257 10.5 Photosynthesis 257 10.6 Hormonal Balance 258 10.7 Plants Under Abiotic Stress Benefit from Phytohormones Mediated by PGPR 259 10.8 Changes in Phytohormone Activity Caused by PGPR Under Drought 262 10.9 Future Prospects 265 10.10 Conclusion 265 Acknowledgments 266 References 266 11 Altering Secondary Metabolite Profiles in Barley for Crop Enhancement: Role of Novel ACT Domain Proteins 277 Hamida Banoo, Nelofer Husain and Shashi Kant Singh 11.1 Introduction 278 11.2 Methods 282 11.3 Results 284 11.4 Discussion 292 11.5 Conclusion and Future Research Directions 294 References 294 12 Metabolites and Their Regulation During Salinity Stress in Plants 299 Marykutty Sebastian, Kavya Bakka and Dinakar Challabathula 12.1 Introduction 300 12.2 Salt Stress Affects Plant Growth 301 12.3 Chloride Ion Toxicity 302 12.4 Na + Toxicity 304 12.5 Salinity Stress–Induced Oxidative Stress 306 12.6 Plant Responses Through Signaling and Metabolite Production 307 12.7 Metabolites and Their Regulation 309 12.8 Sugars and Sugar Alcohols 310 12.9 Secondary Metabolites 326 12.10 Nitrogen-Containing Metabolites 327 12.11 Other Metabolites 329 12.12 Metabolic Responses of Halophytes and Glycophytes During Salinity 330 12.13 How Plants Adapt to Salt Stress? A Comparative Approach 332 12.14 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 333 Acknowledgments 334 References 334 13 Phenolic Compounds in Plants 349 Ab Waheed Wani, Harjinder Kaur, Pallvi Verma, Sanjeev Kumar, Kondle Ravi, Anis Ahmad Mirza, Adil Rahim, Irfan Gani, Zarina and Saurabha Bhimrao Zimare 13.1 Introduction 350 13.2 Phenolic Acids 351 13.3 Flavonoids 355 13.4 Stilbenoids 366 13.5 Lignans 368 13.6 Conclusions and Further Research 371 References 372 14 Modulation of Metabolic Pathways Under Abiotic Stress in Plants 389 Piyush Vatsha, Md Reyaz Alam, Ladli Kishore, Padma Charan Behera and Abhay Kumar Mishra 14.1 Introduction 390 14.2 Agriculture’s Vulnerability to Abiotic Stressors 391 14.3 Adaptations of Plants Under Abiotic Stress 391 14.4 Chemical Signaling in Plants Under Abiotic Stress 393 14.5 Gene Modification in the Acetic Acid Pathway 404 14.6 Tolerability to Abiotic Stress Caused by Salicylic Acid 406 14.7 Modifying the Metabolism of Thiamine 407 14.8 Abiotic Oxidative Stress Tolerance is Modulated by Hydrogen Peroxide Priming: Implications From ROS Scavenging and Detoxification 408 14.9 Stress and Innate Immunity in the Synthesis of Secondary Metabolites in Plants 411 14.10 Conclusion 417 References 418 15 Specific Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants and Their Role in Stress Adaptation 425 Oksana Sytar and Shokoofeh Hajihashemi Abbreviations 426 15.1 Introduction 426 15.2 Use of Selected Plants as Potential Immunostimulants 427 15.3 Plants and Plant-Derived Compounds With Immunomodulatory Potential 429 15.4 Plant Secondary Metabolite: Description and Their Health Effects 447 15.5 Plant Secondary Metabolites: Adaptative Potential 451 15.6 Conclusion 452 References 453 16 Effect of Abiotic Stress on Terpene Biosynthesis in Plants 481 Dwaipayan Sinha, Rameesha Abid, Wrick Chakraborty, Maliha Rashid, Laxmi Kumari Gupta, Bushra Khan, Paramita Nandy Datta, Sabahat Noor, Pomila, Shakira Ghazanfar, Upala Saha, Ratul Bhattacharya and Sanchita Seal 16.1 Introduction 482 16.2 Terpenes: An Introduction and Classification 485 16.3 Biosynthesis of Terpenes 496 16.4 Functions and Mechanisms of Terpenes During Abiotic Stress 504 16.5 Conclusion 509 References 510 17 Exogenous Application of Plant Metabolites to Enhance Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 525 Tahoora Batool Zargar, Oqba Basal and Szilvia Veres 17.1 Introduction 526 17.2 Plant’s Responses to Abiotic Stress 527 17.3 Exogenous Application of Plant Metabolites 532 17.4 Glutathione (GSH) 532 17.5 Melatonin (MEL) 533 17.6 Ascorbic Acid (AsA) 539 17.7 Nitric Oxide (NO) 540 17.8 Auxin 541 17.9 24-Eppibrassinolide (EBL) 542 17.10 Proline 543 17.11 Market Development and Cost Analysis of Plant Metabolites 545 17.12 Future Prospects 546 17.13 Conclusion 547 Acknowledgments 548 References 548 18 Genetic Engineering of Secondary Metabolic Pathways in Crops for Improving Abiotic Stress 559 Suryakant Ranjan, Sana Bhat, Atif Khurshid Wani and Nahid Akhtar 18.1 Introduction 560 18.2 Role of Secondary Metabolites in Plants 561 18.3 Abiotic Stress and Secondary Metabolites 561 18.4 Genetic Engineering for Secondary Metabolite Production 567 18.5 Genome Editing Techniques for Generating Abiotic Stress–Tolerant Crops by Targeting SM Biosynthesis 576 18.6 Conclusion 578 References 579 19 Nanoelicitors Mediated Abiotic Stresses in Plant Defense Response Mechanisms: Current Review and Future Perspectives 591 Somkuwar Subhash R., Jayant H. Meshram, D. P. Gogle, R. G. Chaudhary, R. H. Mahakhode, Vishal N. Patil, Rahul B. Kamble, R. C. Sawant, J. V. Gadpayale and Rupali R. Chaudhary 19.1 Introduction 592 19.2 Major Classes of Secondary Metabolites 594 19.3 Nanomaterial as Elicitor 595 19.4 The Use of NPs to Protect Plants From Abiotic Stress 596 19.5 Nanoparticle Uptake, Translocation, and Internalization Pathways in Plants 598 19.6 How Nanoelicitors Respond to Abiotic Stressors? 599 19.7 The Way That NPs Signal Under Abiotic Stress Circumstances 602 19.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 604 References 610 20 Light Signaling and Plant Secondary Metabolites 623 Ganesh M. Nawkar, Tushar Khare, Vinay Kumar and Rahul Mahadev Shelake 20.1 Introduction 624 20.2 Photoregulation of PSMs 625 20.3 Role of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Regulating High Light Stress 629 20.4 Enhancing the PSM Production by Modulating the Light Environment 630 20.5 Conclusion 633 Acknowledgments 634 References 634 About the Editors 645 Index 651