Musculoskeletal X-Rays for Medical Students and Trainees

Preface, vii Acknowledgements, viii Part 1: Introduction, 1 1 Musculoskeletal X-rays, 3 Introduction, 3 Basic principles of requesting plain radiographs of bones and joints, 4 Basic principles of examining and reporting plain radiographs of bones and joints, 6 Normal anatomy on musculoskeletal X-rays, 8 Part 2: Pathology, 21 2 Trauma, 23 Bone and joint injuries, 23 Specific injuries, 41 Spine, 58 Paediatric fractures, 67 Fractures in child abuse, 73 Further reading, 76 3 Arthritis, 77 Osteoarthritis, 77 Rheumatoid arthritis, 80 Crystal arthropathy, 83 Gout, 83 Calcium pyrophosphate disease, 86 Psoriatic arthritis, 91 Axial spondyloarthritis (ankylosing spondylitis), 95 4 Tumours and tumour-like lesions, 98 Radiological evaluation of the patient, 98 X-rays – general principles, 101 Malignant tumours, 105 Bone metastases, 105 Multiple myeloma, 107 Plasmacytoma, 108 Osteosarcoma, 110 Chondrosarcoma, 111 Ewing’s sarcoma, 113 Benign tumours, 114 Exostosis (Osteochondroma), 115 Osteoid osteoma, 116 Tumour-like lesions, 117 Simple bone cyst, 118 Infection, 119 5 Metabolic bone disease, 120 Osteoporosis, 120 Osteomalacia, 121 Hyperparathyroidism, 122 Chronic kidney disease metabolic bone disorder, 124 Haemochromatosis, 126 6 Infection, 128 Routes of spread, 128 Causative organisms, 128 Osteomyelitis, 129 Septic arthritis, 134 Infective discitis, 136 7 Non-traumatic paediatric conditions, 138 Developmental dysplasia of the hip, 138 Perthes’ disease, 140 Tarsal coalition, 141 Osteochondritis dissecans, 143 8 Other bone pathology, 144 Paget’s disease of bone, 144 Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy (HOA), 147 Avascular necrosis, 147 9 Joint replacement, 149 Hardware failure and aseptic loosening, 149 Infection, 154 Malalignment and instability, 155 Periprosthetic fracture, 156 Part 3, 157 Self-assessment questions, 159 Self-assessment answers, 172 Index, 185