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Men and Women in Christ

Fresh Light From The Biblical Texts

Andrew Bartlett, QC

$61.95

Hardback

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English
Inter-Varsity Press
21 March 2019
The debate about men and women in the church and in marriage continues to cause division among Christians. Most books on this issue are written from a firmly partisan point of view - complementarian or egalitarian. This one is unique.

Andrew Bartlett draws on his theological learning and his skills as a judge and arbitrator to offer an even-handed assessment of the debate. His analysis is thorough but accessible. He engages with advocates of each view and all the key biblical texts, weighing the available evidence and offering fresh insights. He invites the reader to move beyond complementarian and egalitarian labels and seeks progress towards healing the division.
By:  
Imprint:   Inter-Varsity Press
Country of Publication:   United Kingdom
Dimensions:   Height: 234mm,  Width: 156mm, 
Weight:   801g
ISBN:   9781783599172
ISBN 10:   1783599170
Pages:   464
Publication Date:  
Audience:   General/trade ,  ELT Advanced
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Preface xxi List of abbreviations xxvi Bible acknowledgments xxix 1. Revising tradition, seeking unity 1 What is this book about? 1 How did these issues become so divisive? 2 The obligation to maintain unity 4 The traditional 'Christian' view of a woman's place 4 Jesus Christ and women 8 Rejection of the traditional view - new terminology 9 The competing stories 11 Methods of interpretation 12 The path ahead 13 Does it really matter? 15 Summary of chapter 1 16 Questions to consider 16 2. Husband and wife, men and women: 1 Corinthians 7 17 Marriage: hierarchy or not? 17 Some recent history of 1 Corinthians 7 18 Threefold relevance of 1 Corinthians 7 20 1. Paul's end-time perspective: the world in its present form is passing away 20 2. Marital relations and equal authority 22 3. Equality of men and women in personal relations 25 Complementarian acceptance of the significance of 1 Corinthians 7 26 Is Paul an egalitarian? 28 Where next? 29 Summary of chapter 2 29 Questions to consider 30 3. Hierarchies, submission and love: Colossians 3 and Ephesians 5 31 Three disputed questions 31 Preliminary topics 34 1. Relationship of Colossians and Ephesians 34 2. Submission and hierarchies 34 3. The ideas associated with 'submitting' 35 4. When not to submit 38 5. How the marriage relationship was viewed in first-century culture 39 6. Some practical reasons for Paul's emphases 40 Colossians and the three disputed questions 41 Does comparing the three pairs show Paul's approval of a hierarchical view of marriage? 42 Summary of chapter 3 44 Questions to consider 45 4. Marriage portrays the Saviour: Ephesians 5 46 The big picture of Ephesians 5 46 Paul's kephale metaphor 47 The context and Paul's use of kephale 50 1. Paul's use of apposition in verse 23 51 2. The theme of saviourhood in verses 25-33 54 3. Paul's use of Genesis 55 4. The first word of verse 24 56 The first question: unilateral authority of the husband? 58 The second question: one-way or mutual submission? 60 The third question: does Paul differentiate the responsibilities of husbands and wives? 62 The beauty of Paul's vision of marriage 64 Leadership of the household? 65 Summary of chapter 4 66 Questions to consider 67 5. Creation and life: Genesis 1 - 3 and beyond 69 Man and woman in Genesis 69 Narrative structure 71 Male rule in Genesis 1 - 3 72 Genesis 1 - 2 and authoritative headship? 73 Genesis 3 and authoritative headship? 77 What does it mean to be male or female? 81 Differentiation of man and woman 82 Marriage in the Old Testament 85 Who should protect and provide? 86 What if Genesis 2 - 3 teaches authoritative male headship? 89 Women's leadership and authority in the Old Testament 91 Summary of chapter 5 95 Questions to consider 96 6. Submission and honour: 1 Peter 97 Peter's focus 97 Peter's theme 98 Submission and honour in wider society 98 Submission: hierarchical or mutual? 99 Instructions to wives in 3:1-6 100 Is Peter supporting a hierarchical view of marriage? 102 Peter's instructions to husbands 103 Translation issues and Peter’s three points for husbands 105 The example of Sarah and Abraham 109 Dangers of coercive power 111 Submission and leadership 113 Summary of chapter 6 114 Questions to consider 114 7. Veiled meanings? 1 Corinthians 11 115 The thickets surrounding 1 Corinthians 11:2-16 115 The first thicket: the doctrine of the Trinity 116 The second thicket: unjustified conclusions from word studies 117 Grudem's word studies 118 Metaphorical meaning is not determined by usage elsewhere but by context 120 The question mark over verses 34-35 181 Text criticism 182 Introduction 182 Principles to apply 183 Marginal glosses and additions 185 Families of manuscripts 186 Were verses 34-35 added to what Paul himself wrote? 186 The intrinsic evidence 186 Assessing the external evidence 188 Variation in the position of verses 34-35: four explanations to consider 188 Examining explanations 1 and 2: moved down or moved up? 190 Examining explanations 3 and 4: afterthought or addition? 192 Relevance of intrinsic evidence to explanations 3 and 4 193 On the available evidence, which explanation is the most probable? 196 But what about the absence of extant manuscripts which wholly lack verses 34-35? 197 Codex Fuldensis 197 Codex Vaticanus 201 Concluding assessment 202 Summary of chapter 10 203 Questions to consider 204 11. Teaching and 1 Timothy 2: difficulties 205 The centre of the storm 205 The nature of the disagreement 206 The rival limitations 208 Paul's main concern 209 Paul's concept of teaching 210 General contents of the letter 211 Introducing the false teachings and false teachers 213 Difficulties for all 214 Some difficulties for egalitarian interpretations 217 Some difficulties for complementarian interpretations 220 1. Why only 'I am not permitting'? 220 2. Exclusively male leadership? 223 3. Authoritative teaching as a special category? 224 4. A creation principle? 227 Making a fresh start 230 1 Timothy 2 and the public assemblies of the church 231 Summary of chapter 11 235 Questions to consider 237 12. Teaching and 1 Timothy 2: contextual keys 238 Opening the doors into 1 Timothy 2 238 The historical context 239 Four contextual keys 243 The basis of the second key 244 Using the first key: reading 2:9-10 in the context of 1:1 - 2:8 245 Using the second key to aid understanding of 2:9-10 248 Using the first key again: reading 2:11-12 in context 249 Using the second key to aid understanding of 2:11-12 251 The wealthy women as false teachers 258 Summary of chapter 12 263 Questions to consider 264 13. Teaching and 1 Timothy 2: Paul's reasoning 265 Using the third key: the meaning of authenteo from the context, including Paul's reasoning in 2:13–14 265 Why does Paul use the rare word authenteo? 268 Understanding verse 15 270 Using the fourth key: Paul's signposts in verse 15 273 The link to chapter 3 275 What if I am wrong about the nature of the false teaching? 277 Reassessing current interpretations of 1 Timothy 2 277 The four tough questions 281 But isn't this interpretation entirely new? 282 Practical consequences of how verse 12 is understood 283 Summary of chapter 13 285 Questions to consider 286 14. Women church leaders? A biblical survey 287 Should church leadership by women be restricted? 287 Pillar 1: 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 288 Pillar 2: 1 Timothy 2:11-15 288 Pillar 3: twelve male apostles 289 Pillar 4: Old Testament priests and teaching 291 Pillar 5: headship 292 Setting the scene for considering pillar 6 293 The distinction between governing and teaching 294 Women's prominence in the young churches 295 The openness of the New Testament evidence on whether women served as elders 306 What would be assumed about whether women could be elders? 309 Summary of chapter 14 313 Questions to consider 314 15. Women elders? 1 Timothy 3 315 Qualifications for elders 315 Do Paul's requirements include or exclude women? 316 Conclusion on women’s eldership 327 Elders as guardians 328 Women as leaders 332 Postscript to chapters 11 to 15: a threefold test 333 Summary of chapter 15 336 Questions to consider 337 16. Taking stock and moving closer together 338 Pulling some threads together 338 Where we have arrived 339 Wider themes 340 1. The paradox of equality and humility 340 2. Creation and new creation 341 3. What it means to be male or female 343 4. Raising expectations of Scripture 343 The importance of the divine mandate of unity 344 The obstacles to unity 344 Ongoing disagreements on interpretation of Scripture 345 Egalitarian misunderstanding of the nature and motivations of the debate 348 How complementarians characterize the debate 349 Re-framing the debate 351 Next steps 355 Summary of chapter 16 356 Questions to consider 357 Appendix 1: methods of biblical interpretation 359 The interpretation toolbox 359 1. Primacy of Scripture over tradition 359 2. Paying appropriate attention to culture 360 3. Going back to the source language in context 361 4. Coherence 363 5. A Christ-centred canonical approach 363 6. Spiritual openness 364 7. Practical wisdom 365 Application 365 Feeling the impact of culture: a thought experiment 366 Appendix 2: additional arguments deployed against mutual submission 368 Appendix 3: uses of authenteo in other writings 372 Appendix 4: the structure of 1 Timothy 2:12 376 The scholarly discussions 376 Payne's thesis 377 Köstenberger’s thesis 377 Assessments 378 Conclusion 381 Appendix 5: interpretations of 1 Timothy 2:15 382 Appendix 6: shortcomings in complementarian analyses of 1 Timothy 2 386 Appendix 7: taking stock of translation issues 392 References 395 Index of names 405 Index of Scripture references 413 Index of sources before 1900 429

Andrew Bartlett QC is based in London and is a highly rated international arbitrator with a wide range of experience in dispute resolution in numerous locations. He has a BA in Theology (University of Gloucestershire) and has served as an elder and a churchwarden in various churches.

Reviews for Men and Women in Christ: Fresh Light From The Biblical Texts

Books on this topic can often be accompanied by the sound of an author steadily grinding an axe in the background. This work is refreshingly different. Meticulous research, careful argument, objective assessment and judicious evaluation make this a significant scholarly contribution to the discussion on the role of men and women in Christ’s church. It is essential reading for all in leadership. * Ian Coffey, Vice-Principal and Director of Leadership Training, Moorlands College, Dorset, UK * This is a major contribution to the debate on the place of men and women in Christian ministry. It breaks new ground and is an important read whatever view you hold. * Dr Michael Green, author and theologian * This is a must-read for anyone considering the Bible’s teaching on the roles of men and women. It has changed some of my thinking. Using his skills as an international arbitrator and his deep theological understanding, Andrew weighs up the biblical teaching on this often contentious issue. His conclusions are fresh, illuminating, and challenging to both egalitarian and complementarian alike. Every Christian leader and serious Bible student should read and digest this book. It will go a long way to bringing greater humility and unity on the subject, which is a great need in today’s church. * Michael Ots, evangelist, international speaker and author * Although I lean more towards a fully complementarian position, I want to commend this book because of its recognition of the importance of Scripture in Christian belief and practice, its desire to explain Scripture in its biblical context, its scholarly quality, and its promotion of good relationships between Christians who have divergent views, with objective assessment and without personal criticism. * Andrew Muwowo, founder, Proclamation Institute Zambia * This book’s consideration of male and female relations according to Scripture is a model of clarity, scholarship and summary. It is in every sense a judicious work, which helps to resolve some contentious issues of biblical interpretation. Its aim is thoroughly constructive: to promote mutual understanding and unity among those who believe in and wish to be faithful to Holy Scripture. * Dr Nigel G. Wright, Principal Emeritus, Spurgeon's College London, and former President, Baptist Union of Great Britain * Global communications are driving social change in East and South Asia. This increases the danger of importing Western theories unchallenged. I hope the insightful exegesis in this book will help Asian theologians and church leaders to engage with the Scripture without getting caught in the tramlines of the complementarian/egalitarian debate. * Anthony Harrop, former Publishing Consultant Asia-Pacific, United Bible Societies * In over 45 years of involvement in Bible translation I have frequently grappled with the interpretive issues dealt with in this book. Faithful translation should be accurate and unbiased, allowing the original text to speak for itself. This is the ideal, but translators are human. Cultural biases have affected English translations of texts concerning women. The author’s professional background helps him take a clear and refreshingly new look at the key texts. With careful scholarship and sound reasoning he resolves some important translation issues. I would recommend Bible translators take note of this book. * G. J. Dannenberg, Bible translation consultant for Turkic languages * This book is very thorough, leaving no stone unturned. Some of the ‘stones’ certainly needed to be turned! * Mike Wheate, formerly International Personnel Officer, Operation Mobilisation * As an arbitrator I look for careful assessment of evidence and contextually-sensitive reasoning. This book has both. * Dr Robert Gaitskell QC, international arbitrator * An important contribution to a debate on which all sides need to listen carefully to each other with humility and a shared commitment to Scripture. * Peter Baker, Senior Minister, Lansdowne Church, Bournemouth, UK * This thought-provoking and masterly analysis is also a thoroughly enjoyable read. * Marcus Taverner QC, London * If as evangelicals we are sometimes tempted to do our theology (and preach our sermons!) by proof-texting, I know of no better antidote than this book: Bartlett’s close attention to context transformed my understanding of several passages I thought I knew well. Drawing on his legal background and wide reading, and with absolute respect for the authority of Scripture, his careful scholarship has produced an analysis which is comprehensive, meticulous, and clearly expressed. What’s more, it is totally accessible to the interested layman, as it avoids technical terms and does not require knowledge of Greek – he explains what you need to know as you go along. * Revd Charles Mason, Priest in Charge of Waltham St Lawrence, Oxford Diocese * This is a landmark book on this key topic. It is extremely readable, yet an in-depth study. Unexpectedly I found it to be a page-turner, because I really wanted to know what was on the next page. Andrew Bartlett has a profound understanding of Scripture. This book has changed and clarified my own thinking. It should be read by all Christians, from new converts to archbishops. Wives, buy it for your husbands! Husbands, buy it for your wives! * Professor Sir Colin Humphreys CBE FRS FREng, author of ‘The Mystery of the Last Supper’ and ‘The Miracles of Exodus’ * Andrew Bartlett has carefully studied Scripture to offer a sound assessment of both the complementarian and egalitarian positions. Without advocating one over the other, he has presented very helpful principles to discern how men and women may best witness and serve together for God’s glory in each ministry context. * Ven. Wong Tak Meng, Archdeacon, Diocese of Singapore, Dean of Cambodia * This is a superb, cogent, precisely written and enjoyable book. Its author has endeavoured with considerable success to draw together a huge amount of material on a topic which all too easily leads to more heat than light. His qualifications in law perhaps lend themselves to a more objective reading of Scripture as he seeks to apply a judicial perspective to evaluating the material. His willingness to criticise both sides’ reasoning is noteworthy. Another real advantage of this book is that its key focus is ‘the biblical texts, in their context’. Ruthlessly centring on this results in a detailed exegesis of key texts which helps the reader to keep an eye on the ball, in what is a very large discussion. The book makes a real contribution to the debate. It also suggests some valuable new approaches to the evidence, not least on 1 Timothy 2. And chapter 16 (‘Taking stock and moving closer together’) should be required reading for anyone approaching this topic. Whether you consider yourself egalitarian or complementarian, this book will challenge, provoke and deepen your understanding of Scripture. * Paul Woodbridge, former Tutor in New Testament at Oak Hill College, London, Secretary of the Tyndale Fellowship * This is a stunning contribution to the debate about men and women in the church, for which I'm deeply grateful. The author’s determination to follow the evidence wherever it leads, based above all else on meticulous handling of the Bible, has blown apart my assumptions, resolved my uncertainties, transformed my thinking, and built new convictions. I pray that the Lord will use it to help evangelical churches align themselves more faithfully with Scripture. * Tony Watkins, speaker and writer on media and the Bible, recently an elder of Above Bar Church, Southampton (FIEC), now studying for a doctorate in practical theology * Andrew Bartlett’s magisterial study should be required reading for anyone exercising a teaching or leading ministry in any church. Every Bible student and ordinand should have it on their shelves as it is not just a book to read once but a resource showing how to rightly handle the word. With devastating thoroughness, he subjects some of the most challenging passages in Scripture to rigorous scrutiny to establish their true intent. He gives light to views from some illustrious predecessors in the faith which may make you wince in shame. He did not expect to arrive at some of his conclusions when he set out to write, and not everyone will necessarily agree with all of them, but as we spur one another on in our desire as men and women to be obedient as God’s redeemed image bearers, we will have our eyes opened and our lives blessed by yet more truth that shines from God’s holy word. * Rt Revd Keith Sinclair, Bishop of Birkenhead, UK * The treatment of 1 Corinthians 7 is the best I've come across. Very sound arguments. * Revd Kuruvilla Chandy, Trivandrum, Kerala, India * Many dedicated and talented Christian women look for creative and honest ways to follow their calling in a way that is consistent with the teaching of the Bible. This can be a painful and confusing struggle. Some go to work in secular fields because they feel they are not welcome to use their gifts in the church. This book is analytical, dialogical and honest. It helps spiritually gifted women to find their place. But the issues which it addresses are not important only for individual women. They have to do with the presence of God’s kingdom, missional effectiveness, and – last but not least – godly attitudes among all believers. * Dr Einike Pilli, Principal, Tartu Theological Seminary, Estonia * No matter what your current opinion, this thoroughly researched book will make you think... and brings a fresh perspective to the debate. -- Julia Garschagen * speaker and apologist *


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