Memory Impairment and Occupation

Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Concepts of Memory 1 Defining Learning and Memory 1 Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Learning and Memory 2 Long-Term Potentiation 4 Occupation and Neural Plasticity 5 Historical Theories of Memory 6 Associationism and Occupation 6 Schema Theory 6 Information Processing Approaches 8 Levels of Memory Processing 11 The Case of Henry Molaison 13 Taxonomies of Memory 17 Tulving’s Hierarchy of Procedural, Semantic and Episodic Memory 18 The Relationship Between Episodic and Semantic Memory 20 Vulnerability of Episodic Memory 21 Episodic Memory and Human Occupation 22 Working Memory 22 The Atkinson and Shiffrin Model of Working Memory 22 The Multicomponent Model of Working Memory 24 Prospective Memory 27 Towards a Culturally Situated Understanding of Memory 34 Conclusion 35 Points for Discussion 36 Activities 36 References 37 2 Memory and Occupation Across the Lifespan 43 Memory in Infancy 44 Implicit Memory in Infancy 46 Ecological Model of Infant Memory: The Task of Crawling and the Development of Memory 46 Autobiographical Memory in Infants 48 Infantile Amnesia 48 Episodic Memory in Children 54 Source Memory and Infantile Amnesia 55 Working Memory from Ages 5 to 1256 Development of Declarative and Procedural Memory 60 Environmental Factors Affecting Declarative Memory 64 Memory in Adolescence 65 Development of the Neocortex and Hippocampus 65 Development of Prospective Memory in Adolescence 66 The Use of Memory Strategies 66 The Growth of ‘Metamemory’ 68 Declarative Metamemory 68 Procedural Metamemory 69 Memory in the Ageing Person69 The Centrality of Occupation 69 Working Memory in Alzheimer’s Type Dementia 69 Selective Impairment of Divided Attention: Implications for Occupational Performance 71 Cognitive Decline with Age in Pre-industrial and Industrial Societies 73 Changes in Prospective Memory: Implications for Occupational Performance 74 Evidence from the ‘Enriched Environments’ Paradigm 76 The Socio-economic Gradient in Dementia 77 Conclusion 83 Points for Discussion 83 Activities 84 References 84 3 Memory Impairments 89 Amnesia 90 Post-traumatic Amnesia 91 Retrograde Amnesia 92 Temporal Gradient in Retrograde Amnesia 92 Explaining Retrograde Amnesia 94 Anterograde Amnesia 97 Explaining Anterograde Amnesia 97 Key Characteristics of Amnesia 98 Alzheimer’s Type Dementia 99 Prevalence 99 Aetiology 99 Treatment 102 Memory in Alzheimer’s Type Dementia 103 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder 111 ‘Dual Representation’ Approach to Memory in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder 111 Conclusion 113 Points for Discussion 114 Case Study Vignette 114 Activities 114 Activity 1 114 Activity 2 115 Activity 3 115 References115 4 Occupational Therapy Assessment, Goal Setting and Action Planning with the Person with Memory Impairment 119 Assessment of Memory Impairment and the Philosophy of Occupational Therapy 120 Conceptual Practice Models 121 Model of Human Occupation 121 Ecological Systems Model 122 Person-Environment-Occupation Model 123 Canadian Model of Occupational Performance 124 Kawa Model 124 Functional Information Processing Model 25 Allen’s Cognitive Levels 125 Functional Information Processing Model Assessment Tools 125 Language Issues and the Functional Information Processing Model 127 Frames of Reference 127 General Principles of Memory Assessment 128 Informant-Based Measures 128 Carer Burden 129 Cognitive Rehabilitation in Occupational Therapy 136 Memory Checklist: An Occupation-Focused Approach to Assessment of Memory Impairment 137 Goal Setting for the Person with Memory Impairment 138 Goal Attainment Scaling 141 ABCDE Approach 142 Conclusion 145 Activities 146 Case Study Vignette 1 146 Case Study Vignette 2 147 Case Study Vignette 3 147 References 147 5 Occupational Therapy Action Planning and Treatment Implementation for Children and Adolescents with Memory Impairment 151 Working Memory Impairments in the Classroom 152 Working Memory in Mathematics Performance 159 Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Working Memory Impairments 163 Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Working Memory 164 Memory and Stressful Life Events in Children and Adolescents 168 CaR-FA-X 169 Conclusion 172 Activities 172 Case Study Vignette 1 172 Case Study Vignette 2 173 References 173 6 Occupational Therapy Action Planning and Treatment Implementation for Adults with Memory Impairment Following Acquired Brain Injury 177 Traumatic Brain Injury and Acquired Brain Injury 178 Post-traumatic Amnesia in Traumatic Brain Injury 182 Task Analysis in Traumatic Brain Injury 185 Errorless Learning 188 Situated Learning in Traumatic Brain Injury 190 Adaptations in Acquired Brain Injury 191 The Nature of Memory Impairment in Traumatic Brain Injury 192 Cognitive Rehabilitation 194 Use of Assistive Technology 197 Method of Loci 198 Conclusion 200 Activities 201 Case Study Vignette 1 201 Simulation Task 1 201 Simulation Task 2 202 Case Study Vignette 2 202 References 202 7 Occupational Therapy Action Planning and Treatment Implementation for Older Adults with Memory Impairment 207 Memory Impairments and Occupational Performance 208 Occupational Therapy as a Non-pharmacological Treatment in Dementia 209 Old and New Cultures of Dementia Care 211 Home Environmental Skill-Building Program, Care of Persons with Dementia in Their Environments and Tailored Activity Program 211 Gaps Between Evidence and Practice 216 Reduced Awareness, Anosognosia, Lack of Insight and Social Cognition in Memory Impairment 217 Cognitive Rehabilitation in Dementia Treatment 219 Cognitive Rehabilitation, Cognitive Training and Cognitive Stimulation Therapy 222 Error less Learning in Dementia 224 Treatment of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms Linked to Dementia 224 Impact of the Environment on People with Dementia 226 Conclusion 230 Activity 230 References 231 Index 235