Mastering AutoCAD 2021 and AutoCAD LT 2021

Introduction xxvii Part 1 The Basics 1 Chapter 1 Exploring the Interface 3 Taking a Guided Tour 3 Launching AutoCAD 4 The AutoCAD Window 5 Using the Application Menu 8 Using the Ribbon 10 Picking Points in the Drawing Area 15 Using the UCS Icon 16 Working in the Command Window 16 Working with AutoCAD 17 Opening an Existing File 17 Getting a Closer Look 18 Saving a File as You Work 22 Making Changes 23 Working with Multiple Files 24 Adding a Predrawn Symbol with the Tool Palettes 28 The Bottom Line 31 Chapter 2 Creating Your First Drawing 33 Getting to Know the Home Tab’s Draw and Modify Panels 33 Starting Your First Drawing 36 Specifying Exact Distances with Coordinates 41 Specifying Polar Coordinates 42 Specifying Relative Cartesian Coordinates 44 Interpreting the Cursor Modes and Understanding Prompts 45 Understanding Cursor Modes 46 Choosing Command Options 47 Selecting Objects 52 Selecting Objects in AutoCAD 53 Providing Base Points 55 Using Noun/Verb Selection 59 Editing with Grips 64 Stretching Lines by Using Grips 64 Moving and Rotating with Grips 66 Understanding Dynamic Input 69 Displaying Data in a Text Window 74 Displaying the Properties of an Object 75 Getting Help 78 Using the InfoCenter 78 Finding Additional Sources of Help 79 The Bottom Line 79 Chapter 3 Setting Up and Using the Drafting Tools 81 Setting Up a Work Area 81 Specifying Units 82 Fine-Tuning the Measurement System 84 Setting Up the Drawing Limits 85 Looking at an Alternative to Limits 87 Understanding Scale Factors 87 Using Polar Tracking 88 Setting the Polar Tracking Angle 90 Exploring the Drawing Process 91 Locating an Object in Reference to Others 92 Modifying an Object 93 Planning and Laying Out a Drawing 96 Making a Preliminary Sketch 98 Using the Layout 100 Erasing the Layout Lines 106 Putting on the Finishing Touches 108 Aligning Objects by Using Object Snap Tracking 109 Using the AutoCAD Modes as Drafting Tools 114 Using Grid Mode as a Background Grid 115 Using Snap Modes 117 The Bottom Line 118 Chapter 4 Organizing Objects with Blocks and Groups 121 Creating and Using a Symbol 121 Understanding the Block Definition Dialog Box 124 Inserting a Symbol 126 Scaling and Rotating Blocks 129 Using an Existing Drawing as a Symbol 131 Modifying a Block 133 Unblocking and Redefining a Block 134 Saving a Block as a Drawing File 136 Replacing Existing Files with Blocks 137 Understanding the Write Block Dialog Box Options 138 Other Uses for Blocks 138 Understanding the Annotation Scale 139 Grouping Objects 142 Modifying Members of a Group 144 Ungrouping, Adding, and Subtracting from a Group 147 Working with the Object Grouping Dialog Box 148 Working with the AutoCAD LT Group Manager 150 The Bottom Line 152 Chapter 5 Keeping Track of Layers and Blocks 153 Organizing Information with Layers 153 Creating and Assigning Layers 154 Working on Layers 162 Controlling Layer Visibility 166 Finding the Layers You Want 168 Taming an Unwieldy List of Layers 169 Assigning Linetypes to Layers 176 Adding a Linetype to a Drawing 177 Controlling Lineweights 182 Keeping Track of Blocks and Layers 182 Getting a Text File List of Layers or Blocks 183 The Bottom Line 185 Part 2 Mastering Intermediate Skills 187 Chapter 6 Editing and Reusing Data toWork Efficiently y 189 Creating and Using Templates 190 Creating a Template 190 Using a Template 191 Copying an Object Multiple Times 192 Making Circular Copies 193 Making Row and Column Copies 195 Fine-Tuning Your View 197 Finishing the Kitchenette 199 Array Along a Path 200 Making Changes to an Associative Array 201 Developing Your Drawing 205 Importing Settings 206 Using Osnap Tracking to Place Objects 209 Finding an Exact Distance Along a Curve 226 Changing the Length of Objects 228 Creating a New Drawing by Using Parts from Another Drawing 229 Eliminating Unused Blocks, Layers, Linetypes, Shapes, Styles, and More 230 The Bottom Line 232 Chapter 7 Mastering Viewing Tools, Hatches, and External References 235 Assembling the Parts 235 Taking Control of the AutoCAD Display 238 Understanding Regeneration and Redrawing 239 Saving Views 240 Understanding the Frozen Layer Option 244 Using Hatch Patterns in Your Drawings 246 Placing a Hatch Pattern in a Specific Area 246 Adding Predefined Hatch Patterns 248 Positioning Hatch Patterns Accurately 250 Updating a Block from an External File 251 Changing the Hatch Area 253 Modifying a Hatch Pattern 254 Understanding the Boundary Hatch Options 255 Controlling Boundaries with the Boundaries Panel 257 Fine-Tuning the Boundary Behavior 257 Controlling Hatch Behavior with the Options Panel 258 Controlling Hatch Default Layer, Layout Scale, and ISO Line Weight 259 Using Additional Hatch Features 259 Using Gradient Shading 260 Tips for Using Hatch 262 Space Planning and Hatch Patterns 262 Using External References 266 Attaching a Drawing as an External Reference 266 Other Differences Between External References and Blocks 270 Other External Reference Options 272 Clipping Xref Views and Improving Performance 274 Editing Xrefs in Place 277 Using the External Reference Tab 280 Adding and Removing Objects from Blocks and Xrefs 280 Understanding the Reference Edit Dialog Box Options 283 The Bottom Line 284 Chapter 8 Introducing Printing, Plotting, and Layouts 285 Plotting the Plan 285 Understanding the Plotter Settings 290 Paper Size 290 Drawing Orientation 291 Plot Area 291 Plot Scale 292 Shaded Viewport Options 295 Plot Offset 296 Plot Options 297 Exit Options 298 Plotting Using Layout Views 299 Setting Plot Scale in the Layout Viewports 302 Adding an Output Device 303 Editing a Plotter Configuration 306 Storing a Page Setup 308 Using Electronic Plots 312 Exporting to PDF Through the Plot Dialog Box 312 Exporting to PDF Through the Export To DWF/PDF Ribbon Panel 314 Exporting Autodesk DWF and DWFx Files 315 The Bottom Line 316 Chapter 9 Adding Text to Drawings 317 Preparing a Drawing for Text 317 Organizing Text by Styles 319 Getting Familiar with the Text and Annotation Scale Control Panels 320 Setting the Annotation Scale and Adding Text 321 Inserting Text 321 Exploring Text and Scale 323 Understanding the Text Style Dialog Box Options 326 Styles 326 Set Current/New/Delete 326 Font 326 Size 326 Effects 327 Exploring Text Formatting in AutoCAD 327 Adjusting the Text Height and Font 328 Understanding the Text Editor Tab 330 Adding Symbols and Special Characters 331 Setting Indents and Tabs 334 What Do the Fonts Look Like? 338 Adding Simple Single-Line Text Objects 340 Justifying Single-Line Text Objects 342 Using Special Characters with Single-Line Text Objects 343 Using the Check Spelling Feature 345 How Check Spelling Works 345 Choosing a Dictionary 346 Substituting Fonts 347 Finding and Replacing Text 349 The Bottom Line 353 Chapter 10 Using Fields and Tables 355 Using Fields to Associate Text with Drawing Properties 355 Adding Tables to Your Drawing 359 Creating a Table 360 Adding Cell Text 361 Adjusting Table Text Orientation and Location 363 Editing the Table Line Work 365 Adding Formulas to Cells 368 Using Formulas Directly in Cells 369 Using Other Math Operations 370 Importing and Exporting Tables 370 Importing a Table 371 Exporting Tables 373 Creating Table Styles 373 Adding or Modifying a Table Style 373 Exploring the Table Style Options 375 The Bottom Line 376 Chapter 11 Using Dimensions 377 Understanding the Components of a Dimension 377 Creating a Dimension Style 378 Setting Up the Primary Unit Style 380 Setting the Height for Dimension Text 382 Setting the Location and Orientation of Dimension Text 383 Choosing an Arrow Style and Setting the Dimension Scale 384 Setting Up Alternate Units 388 Setting the Current Dimension Style 389 Modifying a Dimension Style 390 Drawing Linear Dimensions 390 Understanding the Dimensions Panel 391 Placing Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions 392 Continuing a Dimension 393 Drawing Dimensions from a Common Base Extension Line 394 Adjusting the Distance Between Dimensions 396 Editing Dimensions 397 Appending Data to Dimension Text 397 Using Grips to Make Minor Adjustments to Dimensions 399 Changing Style Settings of Individual Dimensions 401 Associating Dimensions with Objects 405 Adding a String of Dimensions with a Single Operation 407 Adding or Removing the Alternate Dimensions 408 Dimensioning Nonorthogonal Objects 409 Dimensioning Nonorthogonal Linear Distances 409 Dimensioning Radii, Diameters, and Arcs 411 Skewing Dimension Lines 415 Using the Dimension Tool 416 Adding a Note with a Leader Arrow 419 Creating Multileader Styles 421 Editing Multileader Notes 424 Breaking a Dimension Line for a Leader 424 Applying Ordinate Dimensions 425 Adding Tolerance Notation 426 Inserting Tolerance and Datum Values 426 Adding Inspection Dimensions 427 The Bottom Line 429 Part 3 Mastering Advanced Skills 431 Chapter 12 Using Attributes 433 Creating Attributes 434 Adding Attributes to Blocks 434 Copying and Editing Attribute Definitions 437 Turning the Attribute Definitions into a Block 440 Inserting Blocks Containing Attributes 441 Editing Attributes 445 Editing Attribute Values One at a Time 445 Editing Attribute Text Formats and Properties 446 Making Global Changes to Attribute Values 447 Making Invisible Attributes Visible 449 Making Global Format and Property Changes to Attributes 450 Other Block Attribute Manager Options 452 Redefining Blocks Containing Attributes 453 Extracting and Exporting Attribute Information 454 Performing the Extraction 454 Extracting Attribute Data to an AutoCAD Table 459 The Bottom Line 461 Chapter 13 Copying Existing Drawings from Other Sources 463 Methods for Converting Paper Drawings to AutoCAD Files 463 Importing a Raster Image 464 Working with a Raster Image 466 Scaling a Raster Image 468 Controlling Object Visibility and Overlap with Raster Images 468 Adjusting Brightness, Contrast, and Fade 471 Clipping a Raster Image 472 Turning Off the Frame, Adjusting Overall Quality, and Controlling Transparency 473 Working with PDF Files 477 Importing a PDF 477 Scaling and Osnaps with PDFs 478 Controlling the PDF Display 481 Importing a PDF as an AutoCAD Drawing 483 Reconstructing Imported AutoCAD SHX Fonts 485 Coordinating Geographic Locations 486 Making Adjustments to the Map 489 Finding Measurements and Distances 491 The Bottom Line 492 Chapter 14 Advanced Editing and Organizing 493 Using External References 493 Preparing Existing Drawings for External Referencing 494 Assembling Xrefs to Build a Drawing 496 Updating Blocks in Xrefs 500 Importing Named Elements from Xrefs 502 Controlling the Xref Search Path 505 Managing Layers 507 Saving and Recalling Layer Settings 507 Other Tools for Managing Layers 510 Using Advanced Tools: Filter and Quick Select 513 Filtering Selections 513 Using Quick Select 518 Using the QuickCalc Calculator 520 Adding Foot and Inch Lengths and Finding the Sum of Angles 522 Converting Units with QuickCalc 525 Using QuickCalc to Find Points 526 Finding Fractional Distances Between Two Points 529 Using QuickCalc While in the Middle of a Command 532 Storing Expressions and Values 533 Guidelines for Working with QuickCalc 535 The Bottom Line 538 Chapter 15 Laying Out Your Printer Output 541 Understanding Model Space and Paper Space 541 Switching from Model Space to Paper Space 542 Setting the Size of a Paper Space Layout 544 Creating New Paper Space Viewports 546 Creating a Viewport from a Saved View 547 Reaching Inside Viewports 548 Working with Paper Space Viewports 551 Scaling Views in Paper Space 552 Setting Layers in Individual Viewports 554 Creating and Using Multiple Paper Space Layouts 558 Creating Odd-Shaped Viewports 560 Understanding Lineweights, Linetypes, and Dimensions in Paper Space 562 Controlling and Viewing Lineweights in Paper Space 562 Using the Lineweight Settings Dialog Box 565 Controlling Linetype Scales and Paper Space 565 Dimensioning in Paper Space Layouts 566 Other Uses for Paper Space 569 The Bottom Line 570 Chapter 16 Making “Smart” Drawings with Parametric Tools 571 Why Use Parametric Drawing Tools? 571 Connecting Objects with Geometric Constraints 573 Using AutoConstrain to Add Constraints Automatically 573 Editing a Drawing Containing Constraints 574 Using Other Geometric Constraints 578 Using Constraints in the Drawing Process 579 Controlling Sizes with Dimensional Constraints 579 Adding a Dimensional Constraint 580 Editing a Dimensional Constraint 581 Using Formulas to Control and Link Dimensions 583 Adding a Formula Parameter 584 Testing the Formula 586 Using Other Formulas 587 Editing the Constraint Options 588 Putting Constraints to Use 590 The Bottom Line 591 Chapter 17 Using Dynamic Blocks 593 Exploring the Block Editor 593 Opening the Block Editor 594 Editing a Block and Creating New Blocks 595 Creating a Dynamic Block 596 Adding a Parameter 597 Adding an Action 598 Adding an Increment Value 600 Editing Parameters and Actions 602 Keeping an Object Centered 602 Using Constraints in Dynamic Blocks 604 Adding a List of Predefined Options 608 Creating Multiple Shapes in One Block 612 Rotating Objects in Unison 617 Filling in a Space Automatically with Objects 621 Including Block Information with Data Extraction 623 The Bottom Line 625 Chapter 18 Drawing Curves 627 Introducing Polylines 627 Drawing a Polyline 627 Setting Polyline Options 629 Editing Polylines 630 Setting Pedit Options 634 Smoothing Polylines 635 Editing Vertices 636 Creating a Polyline Spline Curve 646 Using True Spline Curves 648 Drawing a True Spline 648 Understanding the Spline Options 650 Fine-Tuning Spline Curves 651 Marking Divisions on Curves 654 Dividing Objects into Segments of Equal Length 654 Dividing Objects into Specified Lengths 657 The Bottom Line 658 Chapter 19 Getting and Exchanging Data from Drawings 661 Finding the Area of Closed Boundaries 661 Finding the Area of an Object 662 Using Hatch Patterns to Find Areas 663 Adding and Subtracting Areas with the Area Command 665 Getting General Information 669 Determining the Drawing’s Status 669 Keeping Track of Time 671 Getting Information from System Variables 672 Keeping a Log of Your Activity 672 Capturing and Saving Text Data from the AutoCAD Text Window 673 Understanding the Command Window Context Menu 674 Storing Searchable Information in AutoCAD Files 675 Searching for AutoCAD Files 676 Recovering Corrupted Files 677 Using the DXF File Format to Exchange CAD Data with Other Programs 677 Exporting DXF Files 678 Opening or Importing DXF Files 679 Using AutoCAD Drawings in Page Layout Programs 681 Exporting Raster Files 681 Exporting Vector Files 685 Using OLE to Import Data 687 Editing OLE Links 690 Importing Worksheets as AutoCAD Tables 690 Understanding Options for Embedding Data 693 Using the Clipboard to Export AutoCAD Drawings 694 The Bottom Line 694 Part 4 3D Modeling and Imaging 697 Chapter 20 Creating 3D Drawings 699 Getting to Know the 3D Modeling Workspace 699 Drawing in 3D Using Solids 701 Adjusting Appearances 702 Creating a 3D Box 702 Editing 3D Solids with Grips 704 Constraining Motion with the Gizmo 705 Rotating Objects in 3D Using Dynamic UCS 706 Drawing on a 3D Object’s Surface 709 Pushing and Pulling Shapes from a Solid 710 Making Changes to Your Solid 712 Creating 3D Forms from 2D Shapes 715 Isolating Coordinates with Point Filters 720 Moving Around Your Model 723 Finding Isometric and Orthogonal Views 723 Rotating Freely Around Your Model 724 Changing Your View Direction 725 Using SteeringWheels 727 Changing Where You Are Looking 729 Flying Through Your View 730 Changing from Perspective to Parallel Projection 731 Getting a Visual Effect 732 Using Visual Styles 732 Creating a Sketched Look with Visual Styles 733 In-Canvas Viewport Controls 736 Turning a 3D View into a 2D AutoCAD Drawing 736 Using the Point Cloud Feature 738 The Bottom Line 739 Chapter 21 Using Advanced 3D Features 741 Setting Up AutoCAD for This Chapter 741 Mastering the User Coordinate System 742 Defining a UCS 743 Saving a UCS 746 Working in a UCS 746 Building 3D Parts in Separate Files 748 Understanding the UCS Options 750 UCS Based on Object Orientation 750 UCS Based on Offset Orientation 753 UCS Rotated Around an Axis 754 Orienting a UCS in the View Plane 756 Manipulating the UCS Icon 756 Saving a UCS with a View 757 Using Viewports to Aid in 3D Drawing 758 Using the Array Tools 762 Making Changes to an Associative Array 763 Creating Complex 3D Surfaces 764 Laying Out a 3D Form 764 Spherical and Cylindrical Coordinate Formats 765 Using a 3D Polyline 766 Creating a Curved 3D Surface 767 Converting the Surface into a Solid 772 Shaping the Solid 772 Finding the Interference Between Two Solids 774 Creating Tubes with the Sweep Tool 777 Using Sweep to Create Complex Forms 779 Creating Spiral Forms 781 Creating Surface Models 784 Slicing a Solid with a Surface 786 Finding the Volume of a Cut 787 Understanding the Loft Command 790 Moving Objects in 3D Space 793 Aligning Objects in 3D Space 793 Moving an Object in 3D 795 Rotating an Object in 3D 796 The Bottom Line 797 Chapter 22 Editing and Visualizing 3D Solids 799 Understanding Solid Modeling 799 Creating Solid Forms 802 Joining Primitives 802 Cutting Portions Out of a Solid 804 Creating Complex Solids 806 Tapering an Extrusion 807 Sweeping a Shape on a Curved Path 808 Revolving a Polyline 809 Editing Solids 812 Splitting a Solid into Two Pieces 812 Rounding Corners with the Fillet Tool 814 Chamfering Corners with the Chamfer Tool 815 Using the Solid-Editing Tools 816 Streamlining the 2D Drawing Process 826 Drawing Standard Top, Front, and Right-Side Views 827 Creating 2D Drawings with the Base View Command 830 Adding Dimensions and Notes in a Layout 836 Using Visual Styles with a Viewport 837 Visualizing Solids 839 The Bottom Line 849 Chapter 23 Exploring 3D Mesh and Surface Modeling 851 Creating a Simple 3D Mesh 851 Creating a Mesh Primitive 852 Understanding the Parts of a Mesh 853 Smoothing a Mesh 853 Editing Faces and Edges 855 Stretching Faces 857 Moving an Edge 860 Adding More Faces 862 Rotating an Edge 865 Adding a Crease 866 Splitting and Extruding a Mesh Face 868 Creating Mesh Surfaces 871 Revolved Surface 871 Edge Surface 873 Ruled Surface 874 Tabulated Surface 875 Converting Meshes to Solids 876 Understanding 3D Surfaces 877 Editing Surfaces 879 Using Extrude, Surface Trim, and Surface Fillet 881 Using Surface Blend, Patch, and Offset 883 Understanding Associativity 888 Editing with Control Vertices 891 Editing with the CV Edit Bar 895 Making Holes in a Surface with the Project Geometry Panel 897 Visualizing Curvature: Understanding the Analysis Panel 898 The Bottom Line 901 Part 5 Customization and Integration 903 Chapter 24 Customizing the Workspace Environment, Linetypes, and Hatch Patterns 905 Using Workspaces 905 Customizing the User Interface 907 Taking a Quick Customization Tour 907 Understanding the Customizations In All Files Panel 912 Getting the Overall View 915 Finding Commands in the Command List 916 Opening Preview, Button Image, and Shortcuts 916 Getting to the Core of Customization in the Properties Group 917 Creating Your Own Ribbon Panels and Menus 918 Customizing Ribbon Panel Tools 920 Creating Macros in Tools and Menus 923 Pausing for User Input 925 Opening an Expanded Text Box for the Macro Option 925 Editing Keyboard Shortcuts 926 Saving, Loading, and Unloading Your Customizations 929 Understanding the DIESEL Macro Language 932 Using DIESEL at the Command Line 932 Using DIESEL in a Custom Menu Macro 934 Using DIESEL as a Menu Bar Option Label 935 Using DIESEL and Fields to Generate Text 936 Creating Custom Linetypes 938 Viewing Available Linetypes 939 Creating a New Linetype 940 Understanding the Linetype Code 941 Creating Complex Linetypes 942 Creating Hatch Patterns 944 The Bottom Line 947 Chapter 25 Managing and Sharing Your Drawings 949 Sharing Drawings Online 949 Sharing Project Files with eTransmit 950 Creating Additional Transmittal Setup Options 952 Publishing Your Drawings 954 Exchanging Drawing Sets 954 Exploring Other Publish Options 957 Creating a PDF or DWF File by Using the Plot Dialog Box 959 Sharing Views for Commenting 961 Using the Shared Views Tool 961 Using the Autodesk Viewer Web Page 964 Adding Hyperlinks to Drawings 965 Creating Hyperlinks 965 Editing and Deleting Hyperlinks 968 Taking a Closer Look at the Hyperlink Options 968 Managing Your Drawings with DesignCenter and the Tool Palettes 969 Getting Familiar with DesignCenter 970 Opening and Inserting Files with DesignCenter 973 Finding and Extracting the Contents of a Drawing 974 Exchanging Data between Open Files 978 Loading Specific Files into DesignCenter 979 Customizing the Tool Palettes with DesignCenter 980 Comparing Drawing Versions to Discover Changes 985 Using the Drawing Compare Tool 985 Looking at the Compare Tab Tools 987 Establishing Office Standards 987 Establishing Layering and Text Conventions 987 Checking Office Standards 988 Converting Multiple Layer Settings 993 Exploring Other Layer Translator Options 995 The Bottom Line 996 Part 6 Appendices 999 Appendix A The Bottom Line 1001 Chapter 1: Exploring the Interface 1001 Chapter 2: Creating Your First Drawing 1001 Chapter 3: Setting Up and Using the Drafting Tools 1002 Chapter 4: Organizing Objects with Blocks and Groups 1003 Chapter 5: Keeping Track of Layers and Blocks 1003 Chapter 6: Editing and Reusing Data to Work Efficiently 1004 Chapter 7: Mastering Viewing Tools, Hatches, and External References 1005 Chapter 8: Introducing Printing, Plotting, and Layouts 1005 Chapter 9: Adding Text to Drawings 1006 Chapter 10: Using Fields and Tables 1007 Chapter 11: Using Dimensions 1007 Chapter 12: Using Attributes 1008 Chapter 13: Copying Existing Drawings from Other Sources 1009 Chapter 14: Advanced Editing and Organizing 1010 Chapter 15: Laying Out Your Printer Output 1010 Chapter 16: Making “Smart” Drawings with Parametric Tools 1011 Chapter 17: Using Dynamic Blocks 1012 Chapter 18: Drawing Curves 1012 Chapter 19: Getting and Exchanging Data from Drawings 1014 Chapter 20: Creating 3D Drawings 1015 Chapter 21: Using Advanced 3D Features 1016 Chapter 22: Editing and Visualizing 3D Solids 1017 Chapter 23: Exploring 3D Mesh and Surface Modeling 1018 Chapter 24: Customizing the Workspace Environment, Linetypes, and Hatch Patterns 1019 Chapter 25: Managing and Sharing Your Drawings 1020 Appendix B Installing and Setting Up AutoCAD 1021 Before Installing AutoCAD 1021 Proceeding with the Installation 1021 Configuring AutoCAD 1022 The Files Tab 1023 The Display Tab 1025 The Open And Save Tab 1027 The Plot and Publish Tab 1030 The System Tab 1030 The User Preferences Tab 1032 The Drafting Tab 1034 The 3D Modeling Tab 1035 The Selection Tab 1037 The Profiles Tab 1039 Turning On the Noun/Verb Selection Method 1040 Turning on the Grips Feature 1040 Setting Up the Tracking Vector Feature 1041 Adjusting the AutoCAD 3D Graphics System 1041 Finding Folders That Contain AutoCAD Files 1041 Setting Up AutoCAD with a White Background 1042 Appendix C The Autodesk AutoCAD 2021 Certification 1043 Index 1047