Mandarin Chinese

Preface to the Paperback Edition Preface Conventiom Used in Examples Abbreviations 1 Introduction l. l The Chinese Language Family 1.2 The Phonology of Mandarin 1.2.1 Initials 1.2.2 Finals 1.2.3 Tones 1.2.4 Phonetic Effects of the Retroflex Suffix 2 Typological Description 2.1 The Structural Complexity of Words: Mandarin as an Isolating Language 2.1.1 Morphemes Occurring with Nouns 2. l. 2 Morphemes Occurring with Verbs 2.2 Monosyllabicity: The Number of Syllables per Word 2.3 Topic Prominence 2.4 Word Order 2.4.1 The Word Order Typology 2.4.2 Word Order in Mandarin 3 Word Structure  3.1 Morphological Processes  3. 1. 1 Reduplication  3.1.2 Affixation  3.2 Compounds  3.2.1 The Meaning of Compounds  3.2.2 Nominal Compounds  3.2.3 Verbal Compounds  3.2.4 Subject-Predicate Compounds  3.2.5 Verb-Object Compounds  3.2.6 Antonymous Adjectives Forming Nominal Compounds  3.2.7 Minor Types of Compounds  4 Simple Declarative Sentences  4.1 Topic and Subject  4.1.1 Characterization of Topic  4.1.2 Characterization of Subject  4.1.3 Comparison of Topic and Subject  4.1.4 Double-Subject Sentences  4.1.5 Comparison with Chao's Analysis  4.1.6 Time and Locative Phrases  4.1.7 Further Examples  4.1.8 Topic as a Discourse Element  4.1. 9 Topic and Coreference in Discourse  4.2 The Noun Phrase  4.2.1 Classifier Phrases/Measure Phrases  4.2.2 Associative Phrases  4.2.3 Modifying Phrases  4.2.4 The Order of Elements in a Noun Phrase  4.2.5 Definiteness and Referentiality  4.2.6 Pronouns  4.2.7 Reflexives  4. 3 The Verb Phrase  4.3.1 Types of Verb Phrases  5 Auxiliary Verbs 5.1 Auxiliary Verb versus Verb 5.2 Auxiliary Verb versus Adverb 5.3 List of Auxiliary Verbs 6 Aspect 6.1 The Perfective Aspect 6.1.1 Where to Use -le: A Bounded Event 6.1.2 Where Not to Use -le 6.1.3 -le in Imperatives 6.1.4 -le Does Not Mean Past Tense 6.1.5 -le Does Not Mean Completion 6.1.6 Summary 6.2 The Durative Aspect 6.2.1 Semantic Types of Verbs and the Durative Aspect Markers -me and zai 6.2.2 Complex Sentences with the Durative Aspect Marker -zhe 6.3 The Experiential Aspect 6.4 The Delimitative Aspect 6.5 Summary 7 Sentence-Final Particles 7.1 le 7. 1. 1 The Communicative Function of le 7 .1.2 Where Not to Use le 7. l. 3 Perfective -le versus CRS le 7.2 ne 7.3 ba 7.4 ou 7.5 a/ya 7.6 Conclusion 8 Adverbs  8. 1 Movable Adverbs  8.1.1 Movable Adverbs of Time  8. l. 2 Movable Adverbs of Attitude  8.2 Nonmovable Adverbs  8.2.1 Manner Adverbs  8.2.2 Nonmanner Adverbs  8.3 Negation and Adverbs  8.3.1 Negation and Movable Adverbs  8.3.2 Negation and Nonmovable Adverbs  8.4 Adverbs and the bii Construction  8.5 Quantity Adverbial Phrases  9 Coverbs/Prepositions  9. l The Function of Coverbs  9. l. 1 Occurrence with Aspect Markers  9.1.2 Coverbs That Can Function as Verbs  9. 2 Representative List of Co verbs  10 Indirect Objects and Benefactives  10. 1 gei Obligatory  10.2 gei Optional  10.3 gei Forbidden  10.4 Apparent Indirect Objects  10.5 Explanation for the Indirect Object Facts  10.6 Benefactive Noun Phrases, and Preverbal Indirect Object  10.7 Other Functions of gei  11 Locative and Directional Phrases  11. l Locative Phrases  11. l. l The Structure of Locative Phrases  11.1.2 The Position of the Locative Phrase in the Sentence  11.2 Directional Phrases with dao 'to'  12 Negation  12.1 The Position and Scope of Negative Particles  12.2 The Functions of bu and mei(you)  12.2. 1 Variation in the Meaning of Sentences with bu  12.2.2 Types of Verb Phrases  12.2.3 Resultative Verb Compounds  12.3 mei(you) Is Not a Past Tense Negative Particle  12.4 Negation and Aspect  12.5 Negating Some Element other than a Simple Verb Phrase  12.6 Summary  13 Verb Copying  13.1 Where Verb Copying Occurs  13.2 Grammatical Properties of the Verb-Copying Construction  14 The Imperative  15 The bii Construction  15.1 The bd Noun Phrase  15.2 Disposal  15.3 bii Sentences without a Subject  15.4 bii . .. gei  15.5 When to Use the bii Construction  16 The bei Construction  16.1 Use and Function  16.1.1 Adversity  16. l. 2 Disposal  16.2 Structural Properties 16.2.1 Indirect Object Adversely Affected 16.2.2 The bei Noun Phrase Can Be Inanimate 16.3 bii and bei 16.4 Variant Forms 17 Presentative Sentences  17.1 Existential and Positional Verbs  17.2 Verbs of Motion  18 Questions  18.1 The Four Types of Questions  18.2 Question-Word Questions  18.2. 1 Question Words in Questions  18.2.2 Question Words as Indefinite Pronouns  18.3 Disjunctive Questions  18.3. I Questions with Constituents Connected by haishi  18.3.2 A-not-A Questions  18.4 Tag Questions  18.5 Particle Questions  18.6 Differences between A-Not-A Questions and Particle Questions  18.7 Questions Serving as Subjects or Direct Objects of a Verb  18.8 Answers to Questions  19 Comparison  19.1 Comparative Constructions  19.1.1 Dimension  19.1.2 Subject/Topic and the Standard of Comparison  19.2 Superlatives  20 Nominalization  20.1 A Nominalization Functioning as a Noun Phrase  20.2 Nominalizations Modifying a Head Noun  20.2.1 Relative Clause Constructions  20.2.2 A Nominalization Serving as the Complement to an Abstract Head Noun  20.3 The shi . . . de Construction  21 Serial Verb Constructions 21. I Two or More Separate Events 21.2 One Verb Phrase/Clause Is the Subject or Direct Object of Another 21.2. I The Second Verb Phrase/Clause Is the Direct Object 21.2.2 The First Verb Phrase/Clause Is the Subject of the Second Verb  21.2.3 The Clause That Is a Subject or Direct Object is a Question 21.3 Pivotal Constructions 21.4 Descriptive Clauses 21.4.1 Realis Descriptive Clauses 21.4.2 lrrealis Descriptive Clauses 21.5 Summary 22 The Complex Stative Construction 22. I Inferred meanings 22. I . I Manner Inferred 22.1.2 Extent Inferred 22. I. 3 Either Manner or Extent Inferred 22.2 General Structural Properties 23 Sentence Linking 23. I Forward Linking 23. I. I Forward Linking with a Linking Element 23. I. 2 Forward Linking without a Linking Element 23. I. 3 The Semantics of Conditionals 23.2 Backward Linking 23.2.1 Adverbial Backward-Linking Elements in Clause-Initial Position 23.2.2 Nonmovable Adverbs as BackwardLinking Elements 24 Pronouns in Discourse 24.1 Zero Pronouns 24.2 Pronouns 24.3 Syntactic Constraints on Zero Pronouns References Index