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Libya's Fragmentation

Structure and Process in Violent Conflict

Wolfram Lacher (German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Germany)

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English
I.B. Tauris
20 February 2020
Shortlisted for the Conflict Research Society’s 2021 Book of the Year Prize Shortlisted for the British-Kuwait Friendship Society 2021 Book Prize

After the overthrow of the Qadhafi regime in 2011, Libya witnessed a dramatic breakdown of centralized power. Countless local factions carved up the country into a patchwork of spheres of influence. Almost no nationwide or even regional organizations emerged, and no national institutions survived the turbulent descent into renewed civil war. Only the leader of one armed coalition, Khalifa Haftar, managed to overcome competitors and centralize authority over eastern Libya. But tenacious resistance from armed groups in western Libya blocked Haftar’s attempt to seize power in the capital Tripoli. Rarely does political fragmentation occur as radically as in Libya, where it has been the primary obstacle to the re-establishment of central authority. This book analyzes the forces that have shaped the country’s trajectory since 2011. Confounding widely held assumptions about the role of Libya’s tribes in the revolution, Wolfram Lacher shows how war transformed local communities and explains why Khalifa Haftar has been able to consolidate his sway over the northeast. Based on hundreds of interviews with key actors in the conflict, Lacher advances an approach to the study of civil wars that places the transformation of social ties at the centre of analysis.

By:  
Imprint:   I.B. Tauris
Country of Publication:   United Kingdom
Dimensions:   Height: 234mm,  Width: 156mm, 
Weight:   466g
ISBN:   9780755600816
ISBN 10:   0755600819
Pages:   304
Publication Date:  
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Primary
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
INTRODUCTION The Puzzle Fragmentation in Civil Wars and Collapsed States. Fragmentation and Social Structure. The Argument Structure, Process, and Social Transformation in Civil War Social Embeddedness The Process of Fragmentation Mechanisms and Processes Research Design and Methodology Data collection Conditions and Constraints Plan of the Book LIBYA’S UNRAVELLING, 2011-2019 Revolution (February-October 2011) Sharing the Spoils (November 2011 – July 2012) An Experiment with Democracy (July 2012 – May 2013) Escalating Tensions (May 2013 – June 2014) The Second Civil War (2014-15) The Elusive Agreement (July 2015 – September 2016) Impasse (September 2016 – January 2019) Haftar's Expansion and the Third Civil War (January 2019) Patterns, Turning Points, and Paths not Taken STRUCTURE AND PROCESS IN THE ERUPTION OF CIVIL WAR (2011) Structure, Process, and Violence Collective Indecision, Contingency, and Violence Violence, Group Structure, and Social Transformation Structural Aspects of Libyan Localism A Century of Turmoil, 1911-2011 What Is A Libyan Tribe? The Myth of the Marginalized Cities and Regions The Irruption of Localism in 2011 A Local Civil War in the Western/Nafusa Mountains Misrata: Rise of a Revolutionary Bulwark Bani Walid: Loyalism and Victimization Tobruk: Revolution at the Margins Conclusion: Violence and the Formation of New Political Communities SOCIAL EMBEDDEDNESS AND VIOLENT CONFLICT (2012-15) Resocializing Armed Groups Social Embeddedness versus Formalization Social Embeddedness and Transformation in Libya’s Conflicts Misrata: Power Politics and Social Embeddedness Western/Nafusa Mountains: Militia Conglomerates and Community Security Bani Walid: The Difficult Path to Local Cohesion. Tobruk: The Backwater Elsewhere: The Reign of Militias Conclusion THE PROCESS OF FRAGMENTATION (2015-2019) Is Fragmentation a Game? Changes in Strategic Conditions, 2011-2019 Trajectories of Fragmentation Misrata: Social Cohesion, Political Fragmentation Western/Nafusa Mountains: Zintan, from Corporatism to Fragmentation Bani Walid: Restoring Cohesion through Self-Isolation Tobruk: The Rise of Haftar Conclusion CONCLUSION How Civil Wars Erupt: Onset vs. Escalation Processes in Violent Conflict: Social Transformation and Strategic Conditions Fragmentation and Cohesion What Explains Deep Social Embeddedness, and What Are Its Implications? From Fragmentation to Consolidation The Libyan Predicament Annex: List of Interviews Publication bibliography Index

Wolfram Lacher is Senior Associate at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP). His research focuses on conflict dynamics in Libya and the Sahel region, and relies on frequent fieldwork. Lacher has published in many journals and media outlets, including Survival, Mediterranean Politics, Foreign Affairs and The Washington Post. He received his PhD in Political Science from Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany.

Reviews for Libya's Fragmentation: Structure and Process in Violent Conflict

Wolfram Lacher has made a remarkable contribution to the literature on civil conflict and the Libyan civil war by putting forward the transformative effects of violent conflicts on communities. His work is crucial for political scientists and policymakers seeking to understand how the political and military landscape in Libya has fragmented and why the actors are still in dispute with each other. * LSE Review of Books * A remarkable combination of fieldwork and theory, Libya's Fragmentation is highly recommended for diplomats, journalists, and scholars. * Middle East Journal * Lacher's book is certain to become an essential reference on the North African country. * Politique Etrangere (Bloomsbury Translation) * This book is a rich, empirically informed treatment of an important and neglected topic. Wolfram Lacher sets out an intriguing puzzle about fragmentation in post-Qadhafi Libya. What makes the book stand out is the depth of the fieldwork - not only are there few academics or researchers working on the ground in Libya, but the research he conducted over the years is fundamentally non-replicable. This is likely to be one of the very few books of its kind, able to combine field research with theory to explain this period of Libya's history - with implications well beyond Libya. -- Marc Lynch, Professor of Political Science and International Affairs; Director, Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS), The George Washington University, U.S This book is unquestionably a milestone in research on Libya and conflict dynamics in the country. At the same time, its theoretical insights make a significant contribution to the study of violent conflict. This work is likely to become a standard reference not only on Libya, but in the study of civil wars more broadly. -- Klaus Schlichte, Professor of International Relations and Politics in the World Society, University of Bremen, Germany This could easily become the defining book on the crisis in Libya since 2011 -- Jacob Mundy, Associate Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies and Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, Colgate University, U.S. Based on extensive fieldwork inside Libya, over 400 interviews and deep contextual knowledge, Libya's Fragmentation is a major contribution to recent scholarship on the war-torn North African country. Moreover, the book's insights into the dynamic interplay between armed actors and the social groups from which they emerge have resonance beyond the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Libya's Fragmentation is the only book available today which both takes Libya's complexity seriously, while attempting to say something more broadly about the nature of civil war and society, as such it deserves to become as staple of North African politics and civil war studies courses for years to come. -- Christopher Thornton, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Oxford, in Mediterranean Politics Wolfram Lacher's book on post-Qadhafi Libya is sure to become an indispensable reference on the North African country. The many visits the author made to Libya since 2007 give him access to a large range of factual details and witness accounts. Lacher's meticulous work tangibly and vividly immerses the reader in the uncertainty and the extraordinary danger of these few weeks of 2011 that were so crucial in shaping the post-Qadhafi era. -- Jalel Harchaoui, Clingendael Institute, in Politique Etrangere Lacher advances a novel theoretical framework that emphasizes the centrality of the process of Libya's unravelling. In doing so, he makes a significant contribution to scholarship on contemporary events in Libya and to conflict studies more broadly. The book masterfully retraces the breakdown of Libya's transitional process, the outbreak of a second bout of civil war in 2014, and the current governance crisis. -- Tim Eaton, Chatham House, London, UK


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