Large Animal Medicine for Veterinary Technicians

Contributors  xii Preface xv Abbreviations xvi About the Companion Website xviii 1 Hospital Biosecurity 1 Leslie Hiber, CVT, BS Introduction 2 Cycle of Infection 2 Transmission 3 Patient Placement in the Hospital 7 Proper Gowning Techniques 9 Hand Hygiene 12 Disinfection and Sterilization 14 Hospital Management 18 Infection Control Programs 18 Surveillance 20 Multidrug-Resistant Organisms, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus sp., and Zoonotic Diseases 20 Zoonotic Diseases 21 Summary 22 References 22 Activities 23 2 Restraint 25 Ann Elizabeth Goplen, DVM, Sergio Gonzales, BS, Sheryl Ferguson, CVT, VTS (LAIM), Darcy DeCrescenza, CVT, Laura Lien, MS, CVT, VTS (LAIM), and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN) Introduction 26 Basic Behavior of Large Animals 26 Equine Restraint 28 Bovine Restraint 35 Small Ruminant Restraint 41 Camelid Restraint 45 Swine Restraint 48 References 51 Activities 51 3 History 53 Stacie K. Seymour, DVM and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN) Introduction 53 Equine 54 Ruminants 57 Camelids 61 Porcine 62 Multiple Species Management 64 References 64 Activities 65 4 Physical Exam 67 Scott R.R. Haskell, DVM, MPVM, PhD, Bonnie L. Loghry, BAS, MPH, RVT, Carrie J. Finno, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Kristen Wegner- Fowley, DVM, DACVAA, Erin Matheson Barr, RVT, Jamie DeFazio, AS, CVT, VTS (EVN), William Gilsenan, VMD, DACVIM (LAIM), and Amy L. Johnson, DVM, DACVIM (LAIM & Neurology) Introduction 68 Equine Physical Exam 69 The Equine Pain Score 87 Food Animal Physical Exam 92 Summary 101 References 101 Activities 103 5 Nutrition 104 Kara M. Burns, MS, MEd, LVT, VTS (Nutrition) and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN) Introduction 104 Equine Nutrition 107 Hand-Fed/Stall-Fed Animals 116 Assessment of Nutritional Status 116 Cattle Nutrition 117 Camelid Nutrition 130 Swine Nutrition 131 Backyard Chicken Nutrition 136 Summary 139 References 139 Activities 140 6 Clinical Procedures 142 Annette M. McCoy, DVM, MS, DACVS, Erica McKenzie, BSc, BVMS, PhD, DACVIM, DACVSMR, and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN) Introduction 143 Venous Catheterization 143 Arterial Catheterization 147 Urinary Catheterization 148 Tracheostomy 150 Blood Products and Administration 152 Medication Administration 154 Respiratory Treatments 162 Fluid Administration 163 Intraosseous Administration 166 Nasogastric and Orogastric Intubation 166 Transfaunation 170 Ongoing Monitoring 171 Nursing Care for the Recumbent Patient 173 Dentistry 177 References 181 Activities 183 7 Diagnostic Procedures 185 Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN), JoAnn Slack, DVM, MS, DACVIM (LAIM), Laura Lien, MS, CVT, VTS (LAIM), Rolf B. Modesto, VMD, and Sheryl Ferguson, CVT, VTS (LAIM) Introduction 186 Abdominocentesis 186 Arthrocentesis 188 Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) 189 Blood Sampling 191 Biopsies 194 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 200 Coagulation Studies 202 Dermatology 205 Electrocardiogram 206 Endoscopy 215 Milk Cultures 219 Thoracocentesis 220 Transtracheal Wash 222 References 223 Activities 226 8 Medical Imaging 228 Myra F. Barrett, DVM, MS, DACVR, Kurt Selberg, MS, DVM, DACVR, Sheryl Ferguson, CVT, VTS (LAIM), JoAnn Slack, DVM, MS, DACVIM (LAIM), and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN) Introduction 228 Safety and Quality 229 Radiography 229 Nuclear Scintigraphy 254 Ultrasonography 256 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 264 Computed Tomography 268 C-arm 269 References 271 Activities 272 9 Reproduction 274 Harry Momont, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACT, Celina M. Checura, DVM, MS, PhD, Dipl ACT, Zach Loppnow, DVM, and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN) Introduction 275 Anatomy and Physiology of Reproduction 275 Clinical Examination of the Male and Female for Breeding Soundness 281 Reproductive Disorders 286 Reproductive Management 286 Artificial Insemination 287 Embryo Transfer 288 In Vitro Fertilization 288 Placentitis 292 Equine Dystocias 293 Retained Placenta 295 Brooding 298 Hatchling Management 299 References 299 Activities 300 10 Anesthesia and Surgery 302 Shana Lemmenes, CVT, VTS (EVN), Jennifer Halleran, DVM, DACVIM (LAIM), and Meagan Smith, RVT, VTS (Anesthesia and Analgesia) Introduction 303 Large Animal Surgery Considerations 303 Large Animal Sedation and Anesthesia 303 Local Blocks 305 Extremities 307 Equine Surgery 312 Ruminant Surgery Considerations 332 Bovine Surgery 337 Small Ruminant Surgeries 344 Camelid Surgeries 349 Pig Surgeries 353 References 356 Activities 357 11 Neonatology 359 Laura Lien, MS, CVT, VTS (LAIM), Kim Schreiber Young, BS, DVM, and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN) Introduction 359 Perinatal Period 360 Neonatal Infections 362 Premature Neonates 364 Nursing Care 368 References 375 Activities 375 12 Diseases 377 Fernando J. Marqués, DVM, DACVIM (LAIM), William Gilsenan, VMD, DACVIM (LAIM), Amy L. Johnson, DVM, DACVIM (LAIM & Neurology), Shirley Sandoval, BAS, LVT, VTS (LAIM), Sian Durward- Akhurst, BVMS, Lauren Hughes, DVM, Stephanie Rutten- Ramos, DVM, PhD, Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN), Heather Hopkinson, RVT, VTS (EVN), CCRP, Derek Foster, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (LAIM), and Danielle Mzyk, DVM, PhD Introduction 377 Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia (APP) 378 Actinobacilosis – See Wooden Tongue 379 Actinomycosis – See Lumpy Jaw 379 Acute Hypocalcemia – See Milk Fever 379 Anaplasmosis 379 Anemia 380 Anterior Uveitis 380 Anthrax 381 Aspergillosis (a.k.a. Brooders Pneumonia, Mycotic Pneumonia, Pneumomycosis) 383 Atrophic Rhinitis 383 Azoturia – See Rhabdomyolysis 384 Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (a.k.a. Red Water Disease, Clostridial Hepatitis) 384 Blackleg – See Clostridial Myonecrosis 385 Bloat (Ruminal Tympany) 385 Blue Tongue (a.k.a. BTV, Catarrhal Fever) 386 Botulism 386 Bovine Coronavirus (BCV) 388 Bovine Herpes Virus 1 Infection (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis [IBR]) 389 Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV); Adult Lymphosarcoma 389 Bovine Papular Stomatitis (BPS) 390 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy – See Mad Cow Disease 391 Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) 391 Persistent Infection (PI) 391 Acute BVD Infection 391 Hemorrhagic Syndrome 392 Reproductive Implications 392 Congenital Disease 392 Mucosal Disease 392 Brucellosis 393 Calf Scours 393 Campylobacteriosis 394 Cancer Eye – Squamous Cell Carcinoma 395 Candidiasis (Thrush) 395 Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) 395 Cataracts 397 Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy (CVSM, a.k.a. Wobbler’s Syndrome) 398 Choke 399 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (a.k.a. Heaves, COPD, RAO) 400 Clostridial Myonecrosis (a.k.a. Clostridrial Myositis, Blackleg, Malignant Edema, Gas Gangrene) 401 Clostridium perfringens Diarrhea (a.k.a. Pulpy Kidney Disease) 402 Colitis 403 Contagious Ecthyma (a.k.a. Orf, SoreMouth) 404 Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) 404 Copper Toxicity 405 Corneal Stromal Abscess 406 Corneal Ulceration 407 Cutaneous Papillomas – See Warts 408 Dermatophilosis (a.k.a. Rain Scald, Rain Rot, Cutaneous Streptothricosis, Lumpy Wool) 408 Dermatophytosis – See Ringworm 409 Digital Dermatitis (Hairy Heel Wart, Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis, Mortellaro’s Disease) 409 Enterotoxemia 410 Entropion 411 Eperythrozoonosis 412 Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (EDM) 412 Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome 413 Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy (EHM) 414 Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) 416 Equine Leukoencephalomalacia – See Moldy Corn Disease 417 Equine Motor Neuron Disease (EMND) 417 Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) 418 Equine Recurrent Uveitis 419 Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) 420 Equine Viral Encephalitis (EEE, WEE, VEE) 421 Erysipelas 423 Escherichia coli 423 Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (ER; a.k.a. Monday Morning Disease, Azoturia, Equine Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome, Tying-up, Chronic ER) 424 Fescue Toxicity 425 Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) 426 Foot Rot (Infectious Pododermatitis) 427 Fowl Cholera 428 Fowl Pox 428 Fungal Keratitis 429 Gastric Ulceration – See Equine Gastric Ulceration Syndrome 430 Glässer Disease (Haemophilus parasuis) 430 Glaucoma 430 Grass Tetany 432 Guttural Pouch Empyema 432 Guttural Pouch Mycosis 433 Head Trauma 434 Heaves – See Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 435 Hepatic Encephalopathy 435 Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever) 436 Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) 437 Hypocalcemia – See Milk Fever 438 Immune-Mediated Myositis (a.k.a. IMM) 438 Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK, “Pink eye”) 439 Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis – See Bovine Herpesvirus 440 Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) 440 Infectious Pododermatitis – See Foot Rot 440 Influenza 440 Iodine Deficiency 441 Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis) 442 Ketosis 443 Laminitis 444 Leptospirosis 445 Equine Leukoencephalomalacia – See Moldy Corn Disease 445 Listeriosis 445 Lumpy Jaw (Actinomycosis) 446 Mad Cow Disease (a.k.a. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) 447 Malignant Hyperthermia (Porcine Stress Syndrome) 448 Marek’s Disease 449 Mastitis 450 Melanoma 451 Milk Fever (Hypocalcemia) 452 Moldy Corn Disease (a.k.a. Equine Leukoencephalomalacia) 453 Navicular Disease 454 Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP), Maedi-Visna 455 Paratuberculosis – See Johne’s Disease 455 Pasteurella Pneumonia 455 Pemphigus Foliaceus 456 Phenylbutazone Toxicity 457 Pleuropneumonia (a.k.a. Shipping Fever) 458 Polioencephalomalacia 459 Polyneuritis Equi (Cauda Equina Neuritis) 460 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (a.k.a. PSSM, EPSM, EPSSM) 461 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) 462 Potomac Horse Fever (a.k.a. Equine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, Equine Ehrlichial Colitis, Ditch Fever, PHF) 463 Precocious Udder (Inappropriate Lactation) 464 Pseudorabies (PRV, Aujeszky’s Disease) 465 Pulpy Kidney Disease (Type D Enterotoxemia, Overeating Disease) 465 Purpura Hemorhagica – See Strangles 466 Q Fever 466 Rabies 467 Recurrent Airway Obstruction – See Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 468 Ringworm (Dermatophytosis) aka. Favus 468 Ruminal Tympany – See Bloat 469 Salmonellosis 469 Scrapie 470 Septic Arthritis 471 Sheep and Goat Pox 472 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (a.k.a. Cancer Eye) 472 Strangles (Purpura Hemorrhagica) 474 Streptococcal Infections 475 Swine Fever – See Hog Cholera 476 Swine Influenza 476 Tetanus 477 Ulcerative Dermatosis 478 Urolithiasis 478 Vesicular Stomatitis 480 Warts (Cutaneous Papillomas) 481 West Nile Virus Infection (WNV) 481 White Muscle Disease 482 Wooden Tongue (Actinobacilosis) 483 References 484 Activities 488 Multiple Choice Questions Answer Bank 490 “Test Your Learning” Answer Bank 495 Glossary 503 Index 510