Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry

Preface iii Laboratory Safety and Guidelines 1 Data Documentation 5 Data Analysis 9 Laboratory Techniques 17 Experiments A. Introduction Dry Lab 1 The Laboratory and SI 43 Experiment 1 Basic Laboratory Operations 51 B. Chemical and Physical Properties Experiment 2 Identification of a Compound: Chemical Properties 59 Experiment 3 Water Analysis: Solids 67 Experiment 4 Paper Chromatography 75 Experiment 5 Percent Water in a Hydrated Salt 85 Dry Lab 2A Inorganic Nomenclature I. Oxidation Numbers 91 Dry Lab 2B Inorganic Nomenclature II. Binary Compounds 94 Dry Lab 2C Inorganic Nomenclature III. Ternary Compounds 98 Experiment 6 Acids, Bases, and Salts, 103 C. Mole Concept Experiment 7 Empirical Formulas 115 Experiment 8 Limiting Reactant 123 Experiment 9 A Volumetric Analysis 133 Experiment 10 Vinegar Analysis 143 D. Atomic and Molecular Structure Experiment 11 Periodic Table and Periodic Law 149 Dry Lab 3 Atomic and Molecular Structure 161 E. Gases Experiment 12 Molar Mass of a Volatile Liquid 173 Experiment 13 A Carbonate Analysis; Molar Volume of Carbon Dioxide 181 F. Solutions Experiment 14 Molar Mass of a Solid 189 Experiment 15 Synthesis of Potassium Alum 199 G. Acid-Base Equilibria and Analysis Experiment 16 LeChâtelier’s Principle; Buffers 207 Experiment 17 Antacid Analysis 219 Experiment 18 Potentiometric Analyses 227 Experiment 19 Aspirin Synthesis and Analysis 237 Experiment 20 Alkalinity of a Water Resource 245 Experiment 21 Hard Water Analysis 255 Experiment 22 Molar Solubility, Common-Ion Effect 263 H. Kinetics Experiment 23 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates 271 Experiment 24 A Rate Law and Activation Energy 281 I. Thermodynamics Experiment 25 Calorimetry 293 Experiment 26 Thermodynamics of the Dissolution of Borax 305 J. Oxidation-Reduction Systems and Analysis Experiment 27 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 315 Experiment 28 Chemistry of Copper 323 Experiment 29 Bleach Analysis 331 Experiment 30 Vitamin C Analysis 341 Experiment 31 Dissolved Oxygen Levels in Natural Waters 349 Experiment 32 Galvanic Cells, the Nernst Equation 357 Experiment 33 Electrolytic Cells, Avogadro’s Number 369 K. Transition Metal Systems and Analysis Experiment 34 An Equilibrium Constant 377 Experiment 35 Spectrophotometric Metal Ion Analysis 389 Experiment 36 Transition Metal Complexes 397 L. Qualitative Analysis Dry Lab 4 Preface to Qualitative Analysis 409 Experiment 37 Qual: Common Anions 413 Experiment 38 Qual I. Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+ 423 Experiment 39 Qual II. Ni2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Zn2+ 433 Appendixes Appendix A Conversion Factors 441 Appendix B Familiar Names of Common Chemicals 442 Appendix C Vapor Pressure of Water 444 Appendix D Concentrations of Acids and Bases 445 Appendix E Water Solubility of Inorganic Salts 446