Introduction to Biostatistical Applications in Health Research with Microsoft Office Excel Set

Preface to Second Edition xv About the Companion Website xvii Part One Basic Concepts 1 1 Thinking About Chance 3 1.1 Properties of Probability 4 1.2 Combinations of Event 8 1.3 Bayes’ Theorem 16 Chapter Summary 19 Exercises 20 2 Describing Distributions 25 2.1 Types of Data 26 2.2 Describing Distributions Graphically 27 2.3 Describing Distributions Mathematically 36 2.4 Taking Chance into Account 48 Chapter Summary 59 Exercises 62 3 Examining Samples 65 3.1 Nature of Samples 66 3.2 Estimation 67 3.3 Hypothesis Testing 82 3.3.1 Relationship Between Interval Estimation and Hypothesis Testing 89 Chapter Summary 91 Exercises 93 Part Two Univariable Analyses 97 4 Univariable Analysis of A Continuous Dependent Variable 101 4.1 Student’s t-Distribution 103 4.2 Interval Estimation 106 4.3 Hypothesis Testing 109 Chapter Summary 113 Exercises 114 5 Univariable Analysis of An Ordinal Dependent Variable 119 5.1 Nonparametric Methods 120 5.2 Estimation 123 5.3 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test 124 5.4 Statistical Power of Nonparametric Tests 128 Chapter Summary 128 Exercises 129 6 Univariable Analysis of A Nominal Dependent Variable 133 6.1 Distribution of Nominal Data 134 6.2 Point Estimates 135 6.3 Sampling Distributions 142 6.4 Interval Estimation 149 6.5 Hypothesis Testing 151 Chapter Summary 155 Exercises 156 Part Three Bivariable Analyses 161 7 Bivariable Analysis of A Continuous Dependent Variable 163 7.1 Continuous Independent Variable 163 7.2 Ordinal Independent Variable 207 7.3 Nominal Independent Variable 207 Chapter Summary 218 Exercises 221 8 Bivariable Analysis of An Ordinal Dependent Variable 227 8.1 Ordinal Independent Variable 228 8.2 Nominal Independent Variable 236 Chapter Summary 241 Exercises 243 9 Bivariable Analysis of A Nominal Dependent Variable 245 9.1 Continuous Independent Variable 246 9.2 Nominal Independent Variable 258 Chapter Summary 286 Exercises 288 Part Four Multivariable Analyses 293 10 Multivariable Analysis of A Continuous Dependent Variable 295 10.1 Continuous Independent Variables 296 10.2 Nominal Independent Variables 319 10.3 Both Continuous and Nominal Independent Variables 340 Chapter Summary 355 Exercises 358 11 Multivariable Analysis of An Ordinal Dependent Variable 367 11.1 Nonparametric Anova 369 11.2 Posterior Testing 375 Chapter Summary 380 Exercises 381 12 Multivariable Analysis of A Nominal Dependent Variable 385 12.1 Continuous and/or Nominal Independent Variables 387 12.2 Nominal Independent Variables 401 Chapter Summary 424 Exercises 427 13 Testing Assumptions 433 13.1 Continuous Dependent Variables 436 13.2 Nominal Dependent Variables 507 13.3 Independent Variables 511 Chapter Summary 513 Exercises 516 Appendix A: Flowcharts 521 Appendix B: Statistical Tables 527 Appendix C: Standard Distributions 597 Appendix D: Excel Primer 601 Appendix E: R Primer 605 Appendix F: Answers To Odd Exercises 609 Index 611