Instrument and Automation Engineers' Handbook

VOLUME 1: MEASUREMENT AND SAFETY General Considerations Accuracy and Rangeability Binary Logic Diagrams Calibration Configuring Intelligent Field Devices Evaluation of Instrument Quality Instrument Installation Redundant and Voting Systems Soft Sensors Terminology for Automation and Testing Uncertainty Flow Measurement Application and Selection Applications: Abrasive, Corrosive, Slurry, Viscous Applications: Bidirectional Flow Meters Applications: Multiphase Crude Oil Metering Applications: Multiphase and Subsea Flow Meters Anemometers BTU Flow Measurement: Fuel Gas BTU Flow Measurement Cross-Correlation Flow Metering Elbow Meters Flow Switches Flow Meter Calibration and Maintenance Installation of d/p Transmitters Laminar Flow Meters Magnetic Flow Meters Mass Flow Meters: Coriolis Mass Flow Meters: Indirect and Turbine Mass Flow Meters: Thermal Metering Pumps Oil and Gas-Custody Transfer Measurements and Calculations Orifices Paddle Flow Switches Pitot and Area-Averaging Tubes Positive-Displacement Gas Flow Meters Positive-Displacement Liquid Meters and Provers Purge Flow Regulators Segmental Wedge Flow Meter Sight Flow Indicators Solids Flow Meters and Feeders Target Meters Turbine and Other Rotary Element Flow Meters Ultrasonic Flow Meters Variable Area, Gap, and Vane Flow Meters Venturi, Proprietary Tubes, and Flow Nozzles Vortex and Fluidic Flow Meters V-Shaped Cone Flow Elements Weirs and Flumes Level Measurement Selection of Level Detectors Installation Considerations Applications: Interface, Foam, Boiling Services Applications: Non-Contacting, Non-Penetrating Applications: Tank Gauges for Oil and Gas Applications: Water Level Measurement in Nuclear Reactors Bubblers Capacitance and Radio Frequency (RF) Admittance Conductivity and Field-Effect Level Switches Diaphragm Level Detectors Differential Pressure Level Detectors Displacer Type Level Detectors Float Level Devices Laser Level Sensors Level Gauges, Including Magnetic Magnetostrictive Level Transmitters Microwave Level Switches Optical and IR Level Switches Radar, Contact Level Sensors (TDR, GWR, and PDS) Radar Radiation Level Sensors Resistance Tapes Rotating Paddle Switches Tank Farm Gauges for Custody Transfer (ATG) and for Solids Level Detection Designs Thermal Dispersion Level Sensors Ultrasonic Level Detectors Vibrating Level Switches Temperature Measurement Selection of Temperature Sensors Applications: Cryogenic Temperature Measurement Applications: High Temperature Bimetallic Thermometers Calibrators and Simulators Cones, Crayons, Labels, Paints, and Pellets Filled-Bulb and Glass-Stem Thermometers Integrated Circuitry (IC) Transistors and Diodes Miscellaneous Temperature Sensors Optical Fiber Thermometers (OFT) Pyrometers Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) Temperature Switches and Thermostats Thermistors Thermocouples Thermowells, Design and Installation Ultrasonic Thermometers Pressure Measurement Selection and Application of Pressure Detectors Accessories (Seals, Snubbers, Calibrators, Manifolds) Bellows Type Pressure Sensors Bourdon and Helical Pressure Sensors Diaphragm or Capsule-Type Sensors Differential Pressure Instruments Electronic Pressure Sensors High-Pressure Sensors Manometers Pneumatic Repeaters and Boosters Pressure and Differential Pressure Switches Pressure Gauges Pressure Scanners Vacuum Sensors Density Measurement Density Applications and Selection Displacement and Float-Type Densitometers Gas Densitometers Hydrometers Hydrostatic Densitometers Coriolis Densitometers Radiation Densitometers Ultrasonic Sludge Slurry Densitometers Vibrating Densitometers Weighing Densitometers Miscellaneous Measurement Building Optimization Sensors Corrosion Monitoring Electric Energy Management: Demand Shedding Electric Meters Amps, Ohms, Volts, Watts Leak Detectors Machine Vision Technology Metal Detectors Noise Sensors and Nondestructive Testing Nuclear Reactor Measurements Pipe Integrity Gauges, PIGs Position Measurement and Positioners Proximity Sensors and Limit Switches Solar Collector Positioning Tachometers and Angular Speed Detectors Thickness and Dimension Measurement Torque and Force Measurement Transportation-Related Sensors Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration Visual Inspection Tools, Boroscopes Weather Stations Weight Detectors, Load Cells Weighing Systems: General Considerations Safety Measurement Annunciators and Alarms Management Electrical and Intrinsic Safety Excess Flow and Regular Check Valves Explosion Proofing of Instrumentation Explosion Suppression and Deluge Systems Flame Arrestors, Conservation Vents, and Emergency Vents Flame, Fire, and Smoke Detectors Nuclear Radiation Detectors Offshore Oil Industry Safety Automation Relief Valves: Determination of Required Capacity Relief Valves: Sizing, Specification, and Installation Rupture Disks Safety: 3-Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima Accidents Transmitters Transmitters: Electronic Transmitters: Fiber-Optic Transmitters: Pneumatic Transmitters: Smart, Multivariable Transmitters: Wireless Appendix Flow Sheet Symbols and Identifications Conversion among Units Definitions: Measurement-Related Terms Definitions: Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols Definitions: Abbreviated Organization Names Steam and Water Tables Friction Loss in Pipes Tank Volumes Chemical Compatibility of Materials Composition and Properties of Metallic and Other Materials VOLUME 2: ANALYSIS AND ANALYZERS Analytical Measurement Analyzer Selection and Application Ammonia Analyzers Analyzer Sampling: Air Monitoring Analyzer Sampling: Stack Particulates Analyzer Sampling: General Process Biometers to Quantify Microorganisms Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Analyzers Chromatographs: Gas Chromatographs: Liquid Coal Analyzers Colorimeters Combustible Gas or Vapor Sensors Conductivity Analyzers Consistency Measurement Corrosion Monitoring Cyanide (CNWAD) Analyzers Differential Vapor Pressure Dioxin, PCB, and Furan Analysis Electrochemical Analyzers Elemental Analyzers Fiber-Optic Probes Flame, Fire, and Smoke Detectors Fluoride Analyzers Hazardous and Toxic Gas Monitoring Heating Value Calorimeters Hydrocarbon Analyzers Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Detectors Hydrogen Analyzers Hydrogen Sulfide Infrared and Near-Infrared Analyzers Ion-Selective Electrodes Leak Detectors Mass Spectrometers Mercury in Ambient Air Mercury in Water Moisture in Air: Humidity and Dew Point Moisture in Gases and Liquids Moisture in Solids Molecular Weight of Liquids Natural Gas Measurements Nitrate, Ammonia, and Total Nitrogen Nitrogen Oxide Analyzers Odor Detection Oil in or on Water Oxidation-Reduction Potential Oxygen Demands (BOD, COD, TOD) Oxygen in Gases Oxygen in Liquids (Dissolved Oxygen) Ozone in Gas Ozone in Water Particle Size and Distribution Monitors Particulates, Opacity, Smoke Detection, and Sampling pH Measurement Phosphate Analyzer Physical Properties Analyzers: ASTM Methods Raman Analyzers Refractometers Rheometers Sand Concentration and Subsea Pipeline Erosion Detectors Spectrophotometers, Open Path Streaming Current Particle Charge Analyzer Sulfur Dioxide and Trioxide Sulfur in Oil and Gas Thermal Conductivity Detectors Total Carbon and Total Organic Carbon Analyzers Turbidity, Sludge, and Suspended Solids Ultraviolet and Visible Analyzers Viscometers: Application and Selection Viscometers: Industrial Viscometers Water Quality Monitoring Wet Chemistry and Autotitrator Analyzers Appendix Definitions Abbreviations and Acronyms Organization Name Abbreviations Flowsheet and Functional Diagrams Symbols Conversion among Engineering Units Chemical Resistance of Materials Composition of Materials Steam Tables