Hypervalent Iodine Compounds, 2 Volume Set

Preface   1. Introduction and General Overview of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds 1.1. Introduction  1.2. Classification and Nomenclature of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds  1.3. Hypervalent Bonding  1.4. General Structural Features  1.4.1. Experimental Structural Studies 1.4.2. Computational Studies 1.5. General Principles of Reactivity  1.5.1. Ligand Exchange and Reductive Elimination  1.5.2. Radical Reactions 2. Preparation, Structure, and Properties of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds 2.1. Introduction  2.2. Iodine(III) Compounds 2.2.1. Inorganic Iodine(III) Derivatives  2.2.1.1. Iodine(III) Halides 2.2.1.2. Derivatives of Iodine(III) Oxide 2.2.2. Organoiodine(III) Fluorides  2.1.2.1. Preparation by Fluorination of Organic Iodides 2.1.2.2. Preparation by Ligand Exchange 2.1.2.3. Structural Studies 2.2.3. Organoiodine(III) Chlorides  2.2.3.1. Preparation by Chlorination of Organic Iodides 2.2.3.2. Preparation by Ligand Exchange 2.2.3.3. Structural Studies 2.2.4. Organoiodosyl Compounds  2.2.4.1. Preparation by Oxidation of Organic Iodides 2.2.4.2. Preparation from Other Iodine(III) Compounds 2.2.4.3. Structural Studies 2.2.5. Organoiodine(III) Carboxylates  2.2.5.1. Preparation by Oxidation of Organic Iodides 2.2.5.2. Preparation by Ligand Exchange 2.2.5.3. Structural Studies 2.2.6. [Hydroxy(organosulfonyloxy)iodo]arenes  2.2.6.1. Preparation 2.2.6.2. Structural Studies  2.2.7. Organoiodine(III) Derivatives of Strong Acids  2.2.8. Iodine(III) Heterocycles 2.2.8.1. Benziodoxoles  2.2.8.1.1. Halobenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.2. Hydroxybenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.3. Acyloxybenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.4. Alkoxybenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.5. Organosulfonyloxybenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.6. Nitrooxybenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.7. Alkylperoxybenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.8. Azidobenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.9. Amido- and imidobenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.10. Amino- and iminobenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.11. Cyanobenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.12. Alkynylbenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.13. Alkenylbenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.14. Arylbenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.15. Phosphoranyl-derived Benziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.16. Trifluoromethylbenziodoxoles 2.2.8.2. Benziodazoles  2.2.8.3. Benziodoxaboroles 2.2.8.4. Benziodoxathioles 2.2.8.5. Benziodathiazoles 2.2.8.6. Benziodoxaphospholes 2.2.8.7. Iodoxolones 2.2.8.8. Six-Membered Iodine(III) Heterocycles 2.2.8.9. Polycyclic Heterocycles with Iodine(III) Atom at Ring Junction 2.2.8.10. Cyclic Iodonium Salts 2.2.9. Noncyclic Iodonium Salts 2.2.9.1. Aryl- and Heteroaryliodonium Salts  2.2.9.1.1. Preparation 2.2.9.1.2. Structural studies 2.2.9.2. Alkenyliodonium Salts  2.2.9.2.1. Preparation 2.2.9.2.2. Structural Studies 2.2.9.3. Alkynyliodonium Salts  2.2.9.3.1. Preparation 2.2.9.3.2. Properties and Structure 2.2.9.4. Cyanoiodonium Salts  2.2.9.5. Alkyl- and Fluoroalkyliodonium Salts  2.2.10. Iodonium Ylides  2.2.10.1. Preparation 2.2.10.2. Structural Studies 2.2.11. Iodine(III) Species with Three Carbon Ligands  2.2.12. Noncyclic Iodine(III) Species with I–N bonds  2.2.12.1. Azidoiodanes 2.2.12.2. Amidoiodanes 2.2.12.3. Bis-pyridinium salts 2.2.12.4. Imidoiodanes 2.2.12.4.1. Preparation 2.2.12.4.2. Structural Studies 2.3. Iodine(V) Compounds 2.3.1. Inorganic Iodine(V) Derivatives  2.3.2. Non-Cyclic and Pseudocyclic Iodylarenes  2.3.3. Iodine(V) Heterocycles  2.3.3.1. 2-Iodoxybenzoic Acid (IBX) and Derivatives  2.3.3.2. Dess-Martin Periodinane (DMP)  2.3.4. Organoiodine(V) Fluorides 2.4. Iodine(VII) Compounds  3. Applications of Iodine(III) Reagents in Halogenations and Oxidative Functionalizations of Organic Substrates 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Fluorinations 3.3. Chlorinations  3.4. Brominations  3.5. Iodinations  3.6. Oxidation of Alcohols  3.7. Oxidative Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds  3.8. Oxidative Functionalization of Silyl Enol Ethers 3.9. Oxidative Functionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes  3.10. Oxidations at the Benzylic or Allylic Position  3.11. Oxidative Functionalization of Aromatic Compounds 3.12. Oxidative Dearomatization of Phenols and Related Substrates  3.12.1. Oxidative Dearomatization of 4-Substituted Phenols  3.12.2. Oxidative Dearomatization of 2-Substituted Phenols 3.12.3. Oxidative Dearomatization of Anilines 3.13. Oxidative Coupling of Aromatic Substrates  3.14. Oxidative Heterocyclizations 3.15. Oxidative Rearrangements  3.16. Radical Fragmentations and Cyclizations Initiated by [Bis(acyloxy)iodo]arenes 3.17. Oxidations at Nitrogen, Sulfur, and other Heteroatoms  3.18. Reactions via Alkyliodine(III) Intermediates: Oxidative Deiodination of Alkyliodides 3.19. Transition Metal Catalyzed Oxidations    4. Applications of Iodine(III) Reagents in Reactions Resulting in Formation of New C-N, C-S, C-Se, and C-Te Bonds 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Azidations  4.2.1. Azidations using in situ generated azidoiodinanes 4.2.2. Azidation using stable azidobenziodoxoles 4.2.2.1. Thermal initiation of ABX 4.2.2.2. Initiation of ABX by a non-metal additive 4.2.2.3. Initiation of ABX by metal catalysts 4.2.2.4. Photochemical initiation of ABX 4.2.2.5. Analogs of azidobenziodoxoles 4.3. Amidations and Aminations  4.3.1. Amidations using Noncyclic Hypervalent Iodine Amides 4.3.2. Amidations, Iminations, and Aminations using Amido-, Imino-, and Aminobenziodoxoles 4.3.3. Reactions of Imido- or Iminoiodanes 4.3.3.1. In the absence of metal catalysts 4.3.3.2. Transition metal catalyzed reactions of iodonium imides 4.4. Thiocyanations and Arylselenations 4.5. Reactions of Iodonium salts and C-Substituted Benziodoxoles Resulting in Formation of New C-N, C-S, and C-Se bonds   5. Applications of Iodonium Salts, C-Substituted Benziodoxoles, and Iodonium Ylides in Organic Synthesis 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Reactions of Iodonium Salts  5.2.1. Reactions of Diaryliodonium Salts  5.2.2. Reactions of Alkenyl(aryl)iodonium Salts  5.2.3. Reactions of Alkynyl(aryl)iodonium Salts 5.2.4. Reactions of Alkyl- and Fluoroalkyl(aryl)iodonium Salts 5.2.5. Reactions of Diazomethyl(aryl)iodonium Salts 5.3. Reactions of C-Substituted Benziodoxoles 5.3.1. Reactions of Arylbenziodoxoles 5.3.2. Reactions of Alkenylbenziodoxoles 5.3.3. Reactions of Alkynylbenziodoxoles 5.3.4. Reactions of Fluoroalkylbenziodoxoles 5.3.5. Reactions of Cyanobenziodoxoles 5.3.6. Reactions of Diazomethylbenziodoxoles 5.4. Reactions of Iodonium Ylides  5.4.1. Reactions of Iodonium Ylides as Carbene Precursors 5.4.2. Cycloaddition Reactions of Iodonium Ylides Leading to Heterocycles   6. Applications of Hypervalent Iodine(V) Reagents in Organic Synthesis  6.1. Introduction 6.2. Synthetic Applications of Non-Cyclic and Pseudocyclic Iodylarenes Ylides  6.2.1. Non-Cyclic Iodylarenes 6.2.2. Pseudocyclic Iodylarenes 6.3. Synthetic Applications of 2-Iodoxybenzoic Acid (IBX) 6.4. IBX Derivatives and Analogs  6.5. Dess-Martin Periodinane (DMP) 7. Applications of Inorganic Polyvalent Iodine Compounds in Organic Synthesis 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Derivatives of Iodine in Oxidation State +1 7.3. Synthetic Applications of Inorganic Iodine(III) Reagents 7.4. Synthetic Applications of Inorganic Iodine(V) Reagents 7.5. Synthetic Applications of Iodine(VII) Reagents 8. Hypervalent Iodine Catalysis  8.1. Introduction 8.2. Catalytic Cycles Based on Iodine(III) Species  8.2.1. Oxidative -Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds 8.2.2. Oxidative Functionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes 8.2.3. Oxidative Bromination of Aromatic Compounds 8.2.4. Oxidative Amination Reactions  8.2.5. Oxidation of Phenolic Substrates to Quinones and Quinols  8.2.6. Oxidative Spirocyclization of Aromatic Substrates 8.2.7. Carbon-Carbon Bond Forming Reactions 8.2.8. Hofmann Rearrangement of Carboxamides 8.2.9. Oxidation of Anilines 8.2.10. Catalytic Fluorination Reactions 8.3. Catalytic Cycles Based on Iodine(V) Species  8.4. Tandem Catalytic Systems Involving Hypervalent Iodine and other co-Catalysts 8.5. Catalytic Cycles Involving Iodide Anion or Elemental Iodine as Precatalysts  8.6. Electrochemical Reactions Involving Hypervalent Iodine Mediators  9. Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine Reagents  9.1. Introduction 9.2. Polymer-Supported Iodine(III) Reagents  9.3. Polymer-Supported Iodine(V) Reagents  9.4. Recyclable Nonpolymeric Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents  9.4.1. Recyclable Iodine(III) Reagents with Insoluble Reduced Form  9.4.2. Recovery of Reduced Form of a Hypervalent Iodine Reagent Using Acid-Base Treatment Protocol 9.4.3. Recovery of Reduced Form of a Hypervalent Iodine Reagent Using Ion-Exchange Resins  9.4.4. Ionic Liquid-Supported Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents  9.4.5. Fluorous Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents  9.4.6. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Supported Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine Reagents and Catalysts 9.4.7. Metal-Organic-Framework-Supported Hypervalent Iodine Reagents and Catalysts 9.5. Recyclable Nonpolymeric Hypervalent Iodine(V) Reagents  9.6. Recyclable Iodoarene-Based Catalysts and Bifunctional Catalytic Systems 10. Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in Green Solvents and under Solvent-Free Conditions  10.1. Introduction 10.2. Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in Water  10.3. Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in Recyclable Organic Solvents  10.4. Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents Under Solvent-Free Conditions 11. Industrial and Biomedical Applications of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds 10.1. Introduction 11.2. Applications of Inorganic Polyvalent Iodine Derivatives 11.3. Applications of Hypervalent Iodine(III) Compounds as Polymerization Initiators 11.4 Applications of Hypervalent Iodine Compounds as Industrial Reagents 11.5. Application of Iodonium Salts for Fluoridation in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 11.6. Biological Activity of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds  12. Index  Preface   1. Introduction and General Overview of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds 1.1. Introduction  1.2. Classification and Nomenclature of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds  1.3. Hypervalent Bonding  1.4. General Structural Features  1.4.1. Experimental Structural Studies 1.4.2. Computational Studies 1.5. General Principles of Reactivity  1.5.1. Ligand Exchange and Reductive Elimination  1.5.2. Radical Reactions 2. Preparation, Structure, and Properties of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds 2.1. Introduction  2.2. Iodine(III) Compounds 2.2.1. Inorganic Iodine(III) Derivatives  2.2.1.1. Iodine(III) Halides 2.2.1.2. Derivatives of Iodine(III) Oxide 2.2.2. Organoiodine(III) Fluorides  2.1.2.1. Preparation by Fluorination of Organic Iodides 2.1.2.2. Preparation by Ligand Exchange 2.1.2.3. Structural Studies 2.2.3. Organoiodine(III) Chlorides  2.2.3.1. Preparation by Chlorination of Organic Iodides 2.2.3.2. Preparation by Ligand Exchange 2.2.3.3. Structural Studies 2.2.4. Organoiodosyl Compounds  2.2.4.1. Preparation by Oxidation of Organic Iodides 2.2.4.2. Preparation from Other Iodine(III) Compounds 2.2.4.3. Structural Studies 2.2.5. Organoiodine(III) Carboxylates  2.2.5.1. Preparation by Oxidation of Organic Iodides 2.2.5.2. Preparation by Ligand Exchange 2.2.5.3. Structural Studies 2.2.6. [Hydroxy(organosulfonyloxy)iodo]arenes  2.2.6.1. Preparation 2.2.6.2. Structural Studies  2.2.7. Organoiodine(III) Derivatives of Strong Acids  2.2.8. Iodine(III) Heterocycles 2.2.8.1. Benziodoxoles  2.2.8.1.1. Halobenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.2. Hydroxybenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.3. Acyloxybenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.4. Alkoxybenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.5. Organosulfonyloxybenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.6. Nitrooxybenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.7. Alkylperoxybenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.8. Azidobenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.9. Amido- and imidobenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.10. Amino- and iminobenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.11. Cyanobenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.12. Alkynylbenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.13. Alkenylbenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.14. Arylbenziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.15. Phosphoranyl-derived Benziodoxoles 2.2.8.1.16. Trifluoromethylbenziodoxoles 2.2.8.2. Benziodazoles  2.2.8.3. Benziodoxaboroles 2.2.8.4. Benziodoxathioles 2.2.8.5. Benziodathiazoles 2.2.8.6. Benziodoxaphospholes 2.2.8.7. Iodoxolones 2.2.8.8. Six-Membered Iodine(III) Heterocycles 2.2.8.9. Polycyclic Heterocycles with Iodine(III) Atom at Ring Junction 2.2.8.10. Cyclic Iodonium Salts 2.2.9. Noncyclic Iodonium Salts 2.2.9.1. Aryl- and Heteroaryliodonium Salts  2.2.9.1.1. Preparation 2.2.9.1.2. Structural studies 2.2.9.2. Alkenyliodonium Salts  2.2.9.2.1. Preparation 2.2.9.2.2. Structural Studies 2.2.9.3. Alkynyliodonium Salts  2.2.9.3.1. Preparation 2.2.9.3.2. Properties and Structure 2.2.9.4. Cyanoiodonium Salts  2.2.9.5. Alkyl- and Fluoroalkyliodonium Salts  2.2.10. Iodonium Ylides  2.2.10.1. Preparation 2.2.10.2. Structural Studies 2.2.11. Iodine(III) Species with Three Carbon Ligands  2.2.12. Noncyclic Iodine(III) Species with I–N bonds  2.2.12.1. Azidoiodanes 2.2.12.2. Amidoiodanes 2.2.12.3. Bis-pyridinium salts 2.2.12.4. Imidoiodanes 2.2.12.4.1. Preparation 2.2.12.4.2. Structural Studies 2.3. Iodine(V) Compounds 2.3.1. Inorganic Iodine(V) Derivatives  2.3.2. Non-Cyclic and Pseudocyclic Iodylarenes  2.3.3. Iodine(V) Heterocycles  2.3.3.1. 2-Iodoxybenzoic Acid (IBX) and Derivatives  2.3.3.2. Dess-Martin Periodinane (DMP)  2.3.4. Organoiodine(V) Fluorides 2.4. Iodine(VII) Compounds  3. Applications of Iodine(III) Reagents in Halogenations and Oxidative Functionalizations of Organic Substrates 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Fluorinations 3.3. Chlorinations  3.4. Brominations  3.5. Iodinations  3.6. Oxidation of Alcohols  3.7. Oxidative Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds  3.8. Oxidative Functionalization of Silyl Enol Ethers 3.9. Oxidative Functionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes  3.10. Oxidations at the Benzylic or Allylic Position  3.11. Oxidative Functionalization of Aromatic Compounds 3.12. Oxidative Dearomatization of Phenols and Related Substrates  3.12.1. Oxidative Dearomatization of 4-Substituted Phenols  3.12.2. Oxidative Dearomatization of 2-Substituted Phenols 3.12.3. Oxidative Dearomatization of Anilines 3.13. Oxidative Coupling of Aromatic Substrates  3.14. Oxidative Heterocyclizations 3.15. Oxidative Rearrangements  3.16. Radical Fragmentations and Cyclizations Initiated by [Bis(acyloxy)iodo]arenes 3.17. Oxidations at Nitrogen, Sulfur, and other Heteroatoms  3.18. Reactions via Alkyliodine(III) Intermediates: Oxidative Deiodination of Alkyliodides 3.19. Transition Metal Catalyzed Oxidations    4. Applications of Iodine(III) Reagents in Reactions Resulting in Formation of New C-N, C-S, C-Se, and C-Te Bonds 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Azidations  4.2.1. Azidations using in situ generated azidoiodinanes 4.2.2. Azidation using stable azidobenziodoxoles 4.2.2.1. Thermal initiation of ABX 4.2.2.2. Initiation of ABX by a non-metal additive 4.2.2.3. Initiation of ABX by metal catalysts 4.2.2.4. Photochemical initiation of ABX 4.2.2.5. Analogs of azidobenziodoxoles 4.3. Amidations and Aminations  4.3.1. Amidations using Noncyclic Hypervalent Iodine Amides 4.3.2. Amidations, Iminations, and Aminations using Amido-, Imino-, and Aminobenziodoxoles 4.3.3. Reactions of Imido- or Iminoiodanes 4.3.3.1. In the absence of metal catalysts 4.3.3.2. Transition metal catalyzed reactions of iodonium imides 4.4. Thiocyanations and Arylselenations 4.5. Reactions of Iodonium salts and C-Substituted Benziodoxoles Resulting in Formation of New C-N, C-S, and C-Se bonds   5. Applications of Iodonium Salts, C-Substituted Benziodoxoles, and Iodonium Ylides in Organic Synthesis 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Reactions of Iodonium Salts  5.2.1. Reactions of Diaryliodonium Salts  5.2.2. Reactions of Alkenyl(aryl)iodonium Salts  5.2.3. Reactions of Alkynyl(aryl)iodonium Salts 5.2.4. Reactions of Alkyl- and Fluoroalkyl(aryl)iodonium Salts 5.2.5. Reactions of Diazomethyl(aryl)iodonium Salts 5.3. Reactions of C-Substituted Benziodoxoles 5.3.1. Reactions of Arylbenziodoxoles 5.3.2. Reactions of Alkenylbenziodoxoles 5.3.3. Reactions of Alkynylbenziodoxoles 5.3.4. Reactions of Fluoroalkylbenziodoxoles 5.3.5. Reactions of Cyanobenziodoxoles 5.3.6. Reactions of Diazomethylbenziodoxoles 5.4. Reactions of Iodonium Ylides  5.4.1. Reactions of Iodonium Ylides as Carbene Precursors 5.4.2. Cycloaddition Reactions of Iodonium Ylides Leading to Heterocycles   6. Applications of Hypervalent Iodine(V) Reagents in Organic Synthesis  6.1. Introduction 6.2. Synthetic Applications of Non-Cyclic and Pseudocyclic Iodylarenes Ylides  6.2.1. Non-Cyclic Iodylarenes 6.2.2. Pseudocyclic Iodylarenes 6.3. Synthetic Applications of 2-Iodoxybenzoic Acid (IBX) 6.4. IBX Derivatives and Analogs  6.5. Dess-Martin Periodinane (DMP) 7. Applications of Inorganic Polyvalent Iodine Compounds in Organic Synthesis 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Derivatives of Iodine in Oxidation State +1 7.3. Synthetic Applications of Inorganic Iodine(III) Reagents 7.4. Synthetic Applications of Inorganic Iodine(V) Reagents 7.5. Synthetic Applications of Iodine(VII) Reagents 8. Hypervalent Iodine Catalysis  8.1. Introduction 8.2. Catalytic Cycles Based on Iodine(III) Species  8.2.1. Oxidative -Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds 8.2.2. Oxidative Functionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes 8.2.3. Oxidative Bromination of Aromatic Compounds 8.2.4. Oxidative Amination Reactions  8.2.5. Oxidation of Phenolic Substrates to Quinones and Quinols  8.2.6. Oxidative Spirocyclization of Aromatic Substrates 8.2.7. Carbon-Carbon Bond Forming Reactions 8.2.8. Hofmann Rearrangement of Carboxamides 8.2.9. Oxidation of Anilines 8.2.10. Catalytic Fluorination Reactions 8.3. Catalytic Cycles Based on Iodine(V) Species  8.4. Tandem Catalytic Systems Involving Hypervalent Iodine and other co-Catalysts 8.5. Catalytic Cycles Involving Iodide Anion or Elemental Iodine as Precatalysts  8.6. Electrochemical Reactions Involving Hypervalent Iodine Mediators  9. Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine Reagents  9.1. Introduction 9.2. Polymer-Supported Iodine(III) Reagents  9.3. Polymer-Supported Iodine(V) Reagents  9.4. Recyclable Nonpolymeric Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents  9.4.1. Recyclable Iodine(III) Reagents with Insoluble Reduced Form  9.4.2. Recovery of Reduced Form of a Hypervalent Iodine Reagent Using Acid-Base Treatment Protocol 9.4.3. Recovery of Reduced Form of a Hypervalent Iodine Reagent Using Ion-Exchange Resins  9.4.4. Ionic Liquid-Supported Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents  9.4.5. Fluorous Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents  9.4.6. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Supported Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine Reagents and Catalysts 9.4.7. Metal-Organic-Framework-Supported Hypervalent Iodine Reagents and Catalysts 9.5. Recyclable Nonpolymeric Hypervalent Iodine(V) Reagents  9.6. Recyclable Iodoarene-Based Catalysts and Bifunctional Catalytic Systems 10. Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in Green Solvents and under Solvent-Free Conditions  10.1. Introduction 10.2. Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in Water  10.3. Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in Recyclable Organic Solvents  10.4. Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents Under Solvent-Free Conditions 11. Industrial and Biomedical Applications of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds 10.1. Introduction 11.2. Applications of Inorganic Polyvalent Iodine Derivatives 11.3. Applications of Hypervalent Iodine(III) Compounds as Polymerization Initiators 11.4 Applications of Hypervalent Iodine Compounds as Industrial Reagents 11.5. Application of Iodonium Salts for Fluoridation in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 11.6. Biological Activity of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds  12. Index